<p>Rainsford Island, formerly known Hospital Island, Pest House Island, and Quarantine Island, is a 11 acre island in the Boston Harbor, situated between Long Island and Peddocks Island. The island is composed of two drumlins, reaching an elevation of 49 ft above sea level. The shoreline is predominantly rocky with a sandy cove in the south side, and a variety of wildflowers abound. Access is by private boat only. Since 1996 it comprises part of the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area.</p><br>
<p>This island was named for one of earliest recorded settlers, Edward Rainsford, nephew of Richard Raynsford; he owned the island by 1632.</p><br>
<p>The island is known to have been used by Native Americans and, during the colonial period, was occupied, farmed and grazed. Between 1737 and 1925 the island has served as a quarantine hospital, unmarked burial ground for the diseased and criminals, almshouse, veterans hospital, reform school, and resort. However only foundations and a dilapidated seawall still survive from these uses.</p><br>
<p>Rainsford Island hospital facilities were expanded and improved in the early 19th century. A huge Greek Revival-style building, the Stone Hospital or Greek Temple, was built in 1832 by Josiah Rogers. The Stone Hospital may have been designed by his brother, the American architect Isaiah Rogers, who was celebrated for his designs of the Boston and New York Merchants&#39; Exchange, the USA Treasury Building in Washington, D.C., and the Tremont Hotel in Boston.</p><br>
<p>The Allalinhorn  is a mountain in the Pennine Alps in Switzerland. It lies between Zermatt and Saas-Fee in the canton of Valais, and is part of the Mischabel range, which culminates at the Dom .</p><br>
<p>It was first climbed by London barrister Edward Levi Ames, the clergyman Johann Joseph Imseng, another member of the Imseng family and Johann&#39;s manservant Franz-Josef Andenmatten on 28 August 1856.</p><br>
<p>The building of the Metro Alpin funicular to the Mittelallalin (3456 m) just below the north-east face has turned the mountain into one of the easiest and popular 4000-metre peaks of the Alps, when climbed by the standard route (WNW Ridge, difficulty Grade F). On the normal route, climbers can ride up to the Mittelallalin; from there, there are only about 500 vertical metres to tackle. However, even the easiest route still has objective dangers from crevasses and should not be attempted by inexperienced mountaineers without a mountain guide or adequate crevasse rescue training.</p><br>
<p>Fort Harker, located in Kanopolis, Kansas, was an active military installation of the United States Army from November 17, 1866 to October 5, 1872. The fortification was named after General Charles Garrison Harker, who was killed in action at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain in the American Civil War. Fort Harker replaced Fort Ellsworth, which had been located 1.6 km from the location of Fort Harker and was abandoned after the new fortifications at Fort Harker were constructed. Fort Harker was a major distribution point for all military points farther west and was one of the most important military stations west of the Missouri River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Ellsworth (see Fort Ellsworth (Kansas))was established in August, 1864 at the junction of the Fort Riley-Fort Larned Road and the Smoky Hill Trail, near the Smoky Hill River. Fort Ellsworth was established as the command headquarters for the District of the Upper Arkansas. Soldiers at the fort patrolled the overland trails to protect wagon trains from any resistance from the Native American tribes in the area. The fort also served an important role in distributing supplies to other United States Army outposts further west. Fort Ellsworth connected supply lines from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Riley to the east with Fort Zarah, Fort Larned, Fort Dodge (see Fort Dodge (US Army Post)), Fort Hays, and Fort Wallace to the west. After two years of rapid growth, the fort was badly in need of better facilities and more space.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Military orders for the construction of a new fort to replace Fort Ellsworth were issued by General Winfield S. Hancock, commander of the Division of the Missouri, on November 17, 1866. The new fort would be located approximately 1.6 km northeast of Fort Ellsworth. Construction may have begun before the official order, as Fort Ellsworth had a master carpenter, a master mason, five carpenters, and fourteen masons on staff as early as September, 1866. Based on the number of civilian contractors on the fort&#39;s payroll, major construction of the facility was likely completed by the summer of 1867. In June 1867, the remainder of the buildings at old Fort Ellsworth were ordered torn down. Fort Ellsworth was sold to land developers and became the town of Ellsworth, Kansas.</p><br>
<p>Soon after the completion of major construction, the railroad arrived at Fort Harker. The Union Pacific Eastern Division completed a line to Fort Harker in July 1867. The rail line ran through the fort, and a depot was established just outside the fort. Two large warehouses were built next to the line, which became the principal resupply route for the fort. By the end of 1867, the fort supported a four-company garrison, the supply depot and over 75 buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Cholera epidemic of 1867</h3><br>
<p>In the summer of 1867, an Asiatic cholera outbreak began amongst the soldiers of the four companies of the 38th Infantry stationed at the fort. The disease may have arrived with the 38th, who traveled to the fort from St. Louis, Missouri, where a cholera outbreak was also occurring. The first case of cholera at the fort was diagnosed on June 28. Within days, one civilian and one soldier had died from the disease, and the epidemic had spread to other soldiers and civilians at the fort, as well as settlers in the surrounding area. The Post Quarter Master reported that 58 citizens were buried during the month of June. The epidemic continued through the remainder of 1867, and by the end of the year the official report tabulated 392 cases with 24 deaths among the white troops and 500 cases with 22 deaths among the black troops stationed at or near the fort.</p><br>
<h3>Indian War campaigns</h3><br>
<p>Although no battles were ever fought at the fort itself, troops stationed at Fort Harker were involved in the ongoing Indian Wars between the United States Army and the natives of the Great Plains. The troops stationed at Fort Harker in 1867 performed more escorts of wagon trains in one year than troops stationed at any other frontier fort in the post-Civil War era. Once the railroad arrived at the fort in 1867, the need for escort patrols began to shift to the west, and by 1868 the primary role of Fort Harker was changing to that of a supply depot and troop staging site.</p><br>
<p>In the fall of 1868, General Philip Henry Sheridan moved his command headquarters from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Harker, from where he commanded the campaigns against the Native Americans in the winter of 1868/1869. On August 25, 1869, Brevet Colonel Joseph G. Tilford was sent to Fort Harker, where he commanded two troops of General George Armstrong Custer&#39;s 7th Cavalry. After wintering at the fort, Tilford and the cavalry set out on a campaign in February 1870. In May 1870, General Custer and the remaining troops of the 7th Cavalry passed through Fort Harker on their way from Fort Leavenworth to Fort Hays to engage the Native Americans further west.</p><br>
<h3>Closing</h3><br>
<p>By 1871, Fort Harker had declined in importance in the Indian Wars. Native Americans living in the area of the fort had been displaced by white settlers, and the scene of conflicts had shifted to the west. An expanding railroad network diminished the importance of the fort as a distribution point for supplies. In March 1872, the 15th Infantry stationed at Fort Harker redeployed to Fort Union. On April 5, the remaining companies of the 5th Infantry departed from the fort as well. Official orders to abandon Fort Harker were received on April 8, 1872. Soldiers of the 5th Cavalry left Fort Harker on May 7, leaving behind a small garrison of two officers and five enlisted men from the 5th Infantry. The base was completely abandoned by October 5, 1872.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Fort Harker was located at the site of the present-day town of Kanopolis.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Harker Museum</h2><br>
<p>The Ellsworth County Historical Society maintains three of the original buildings of Fort Harker as a museum commemorating both Fort Ellsworth and Harker. These include the guardhouse, Commanding Officers Quarters, and Junior Officers Quarters. The museum also features a train depot with salt mine and later 19th/early 20th Century exhibits.</p><br>
<p>A second Junior Officer&#39;s Quarters is owned as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>For other places with the same name, see Little Norway </p><br>
<p>Little Norway was a living museum of a Norwegian village located in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin. Little Norway consisted of a fully restored farm dating to the mid-19th century. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Little Norway closed in late 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little Norway began when Osten Olson Haugen, an immigrant from Telemark, Norway, settled on 40 acre during the 1850s. Mr. Haugen built a dwelling house and other buildings out of timber cut on the property. The Haugen family farmed the land until 1920.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, a Chicago businessman named Isak Dahle was inspired by a recent tour of Norway and memories of his childhood in Southeastern Wisconsin to replicate a Norwegian farm as a gift to his family. He christened it Little Norway and gave it the Norwegian name Nissedahle—a pun on the word dal, meaning valley, and his surname. Dahle died of cancer in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The site was taken over by his relative, University of Wisconsin Agricultural Economics Department chair Asher Hobson, after Dahle died in 1937. It was taken over by his daughter and later his grandson Scott Winner. After the end of World War II, the owners had offered to sell the facility the State of Wisconsin for $1 but the state didn&#39;t want to take on the maintenance of the property.</p><br>
<p>Little Norway closed late in 2012. Owner Scott Winner cited costs exceeds revenues for shutting it down. He has been selling off pieces of the collection to museums and private collectors to help pay a $22,000 annual tax bill. The property listed for $1.9 million as of December 2014. Since its 2012 closure, Winner has spoken with the Wisconsin Historical Society and other foundations about purchasing the property but no deal has been reached.</p><br>
<h2>Norway Building</h2><br>
<p>Perhaps the best-known attraction at Little Norway is the Norway Building which was built in Trondheim, Norway for the Norway Pavilion at Chicagos 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. It was moved to this location and is one of the few examples of Norse stave church architecture outside of Norway. Along with the Maine State Building in Poland, Maine, the Norway building is one of the few remaining buildings from the Chicago World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>After the closing of the Chicago World’s Fair, the Norway Building was sold to C.K.G. Billings, a prominent Chicago business man, and relocated by train to his vacation estate in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. While in Lake Geneva, the Norway Building passed through multiple owners, and was used primarily for recreation. During the time it was owned by the Wrigley family it was used as a private theater. The Norway Building fell into disrepair during the Great Depression. It was purchased by Little Norway founder Isak Dahle in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Following the 2012 closure of the attraction, a delegation from Orkdal, Norway, where the chapel was originally built, began to raise money to purchase the Norway Building and ship the building across the ocean. Between the Norwegian government and private donations, that amount totaled $700,000. In 2015, specialists assessed the building and began to painstakingly dismantle it, with a goal of having it reconstructed and open to the public in Norway by summer of 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>Stabbur - a food storehouse on a raised foundation of heavy timbers</p><br>
<p>Sod roofed cabin - built into the hillside to allow goats to graze on its rooftop</p><br>
<p>Main cabin - which once housed cattle and sheep</p><br>
<p>Spring house - shelters the pure, spring-fed water which runs through the property</p><br>
<p>Stue - the family home</p><br>
<p>Bachelor’s cabin - originally a loom and spinning wheel space, adapted to house Osten Haugen’s brother-in-law</p><br>
<p>Laden - a tool room converted to a snug cabin, roofed with old-fashioned hand-split shakes</p><br>
<p>Fort Mose Historic State Park  is a USA National Historic Landmark ,</p><br>
<p>In 1738, the Spanish governor of Florida, Manuel de Montiano, had Fort Mose (pronounced "Moh-say") built and established as a free black settlement, the first to be legally sanctioned in what would become the territory of the United States. The fort has also been known as Fort Moosa or Fort Mossa, variants of the Spanish pronunciation.</p><br>
<h2>Historical background</h2><br>
<p>As early as 1687, the Spanish government had begun to offer asylum to slaves from British colonies. In 1693, the Spanish Crown officially proclaimed that runaways would find freedom in Florida, in return for converting to Catholicism and a term for men of four years&#39; military service to the Crown. In effect, Spain created a maroon settlement in Florida as a front-line defense against English attacks from the north. Spain also intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a free black community to attract slaves seeking escape and refuge from British slavery.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Mose</h2><br>
<p>In 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano ordered construction of the Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mosé military fort about 2 miles north of St. Augustine. Slaves escaped from the British colonies were directed there. They were recognized as free, and men who passed inspection were taken into the Spanish militia and placed into service. The military leader at the fort, who also served as mayor of the community, was an African-European Creole, baptized as Francisco Menendez. He became established as a leader when helping the defense of St. Augustine in 1727. Fort Mose was the first free African settlement legally sanctioned in what would become the United States and had a total population of about 100. The village had a wall around it, with dwellings inside, plus a church and an earthen fort.</p><br>
<p>Word of the settlement reached the colonies of South Carolina and Georgia to the north, attracting escaping slaves. Charlestown was approximately 200 miles north of the Florida border. The attraction of Fort Mose is believed to have helped inspire the Stono Rebellion in September 1739. This was led by slaves who were "fresh from Africa." During the Stono revolt, several dozen Africans believed to be from the Kingdom of Kongo tried unsuccessfully to reach Spanish Florida. Some did make it, where they rapidly adjusted to life there, as they were already baptized Catholics (Kongo was a Catholic nation) and spoke Portuguese.</p><br>
<p>Following the murder of some inhabitants at the fort by British Indian allies, Montiano ordered it abandoned and its inhabitants resettled in St. Augustine. In 1740, British forces led by James Oglethorpe of Georgia attacked and captured the fort in the Siege of Fort Mose. During the ensuing conflict, a Floridian force consisting of Spanish troops, Indian auxiliaries, and free black militia counterattacked Oglethorpe&#39;s troops and defeated them decisively, destroying the fort in the process. Oglethorpe was eventually forced to withdraw his forces to Georgia. Because the fort was destroyed, its inhabitants stayed in St. Augustine. By 1752, the Spanish had rebuilt Fort Mose. The new governor forcibly relocated most of the free blacks back into the defensive settlement, from the more cosmopolitan, multilingual culture of St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>After East Florida was ceded to the British in the Peace of Paris of 1763, most of the free black inhabitants migrated to Cuba with the evacuating Spanish settlers. At that time, the black population at St. Augustine and Fort Mose totaled about 3,000, of whom about one-quarter were free.</p><br>
<p>A haven for escaped slaves from the British colonies to the north, Fort Mose is considered the "premier site on the Florida Black Heritage Trail." This was the network in the antebellum years preceding the American Civil War by which slaves escaped to freedom, most often to the North and Canada, but also to the Bahamas and Mexico.</p><br>
<h2>Park facilities</h2><br>
<p>An archeological excavation in 1986 revealed the site of the original Fort Mose, as well as the second facility constructed in 1752. Today, artifacts are displayed in the museum within the visitor center at the park. On the grounds, interpretive panels are used to illustrate the history of the site. Three replicas of historic items have been installed within the park: a chosa or a cooking hut, a small historic garden, and a small Spanish flat boat called a barca chata.</p><br>
<p>Yarnbury Castle is the site of a multiphase, multivallate iron age hillfort near the village and civil parish of Steeple Langford, two miles along the A303 from Winterbourne Stoke, in Wiltshire. The site covers an area of 28.5 acre, and has been extensively surveyed and investigated by the Royal Commission on the Historical Monuments of England  in 1991, with finds of iron age and Romano-British pottery, iron age and Roman coins, and burials of human remains. There is much evidence of prolonged and extensive settlement of the site including for the evidence of around 130 separate structures of various sizes, most probably representing a mix of round houses, pits, and other features.</p><br>
<p>The earthworks of Yarnbury Castle are also a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest(SSSI) first notified in 1951.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The earthworks at Yarnbury consist of three ramparts with outer ditches. The outer ramparts measure up to 3.5 m high, and the ditches a further 1.7 m deep, and are encroached upon by the centre rampart in places, suggesting that the inner and centre rampart are a later feature. The overall width of the earthworks is generally uniform at around 17 m. The earthworks are generally well preserved, except in the northeastern side where the outermost ditch has been lost due to the encroachment of a downland driveway. In the centre of the hillfort lies an earlier and smaller single banked enclosure of 5.2 hectare in area, and with an entrance in the western side of the earthwork.</p><br>
<p>The main earthworks are thought to date from around 100 BC, with the earlier inner circuit being from about 300 BC, according to pottery finds from early iron age through to Romano-British, including for Samian of around 160 AD.</p><br>
<p>The main entrance to the hillfort lies on the eastern side of the site, with a complex of earthwork fortifications. There is a further entrance at the northern end, possibly a later addition, with the entrance to the western side thought to be non-original or later so serve a smaller sub-rectangular Romano-British enclosure on that side of the fort.</p><br>
<p>Within the fort there is much evidence for many structures, mainly circular in plan, and within compounds with low earth banks. The structures vary between 7 m and 15 m in diameter, and up to 1.0 m deep. In particular, in the north and east of the site, and between the earlier enclosure and the inner rampart, there are a number of large compounds containing structures clearly visible, many with evidence for possible stone footings. It is also evident that a number of them overlap and indicate a prolonged and varied occupation of the site.</p><br>
<p>There have been numerous inhumations found at the site including for two within pits, and other isolated human bones found in other pits. Also nine complete or partial remains of newly born and young infants have been found in the bottom of the earthwork ditches. Archaeological finds include for pottery sherds, flint flakes, iron slag, Celtic coins, and bronze brooches. From later periods finds also include for much Roman items, such as pottery, tiles, coins and three burials in graves.</p><br>
<h2>Sheep fairs</h2><br>
<p>The Winterbourne Stoke sheep fair was held on the site from the 18th century until 1916, when the area was commandeered by the army. There are several prominent features associated with this former use, including for several sheep folds to the south eastern corner of the hillfort. These are grouped in two blocks of 8, with low mounded earthworks clearly visible and covering an area of 120 m by 90 m. They do not however appear in Sir Richard Colt Hoares pencil sketch of the site from 1810, indicating that these date from later in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The local author Ella Noyes (1863–1949) from Sutton Veny wrote in her book Salisbury Plain (1913), the following about the event:</p><br>
<p>Once a year Yarnbury becomes re-animate, on the day of the Horse and Sheep Fair, on the 4 October held in this lonely trysting place by immemorial tradition. Here. the flocks.stand close packed in pens; bunches of young ponies are tied up in one corner. and near by are the sober cart-horses, their plaited manes and tails aprick with ornaments of straw. The vendor of sheep bells spreads his metal wares upon the ground. the purchase of sheep bells is a serious matter, good ones costing as much as five shillings.In the good old days, up to within the memory of people still living, the fair was followed by horse races next day, and sports of all kinds. But now the pleasure part of the meeting has been abandoned; the folk disperse quietly soon after noon, when business is done, leaving Yarnbury to the silent occupation of its prehistoric ghosts for another year.</p><br>
<h2>Ecology</h2><br>
<p>Yarnbury Castle is located in an area of unimproved grassland on the upper chalk north of the Wylye Valley, and on the edge of Salisbury Plain, which is the largest remaining area of calcareous grassland in north-west Europe. The local area supports a rich and diverse grassland flora, which led to it being declared a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1951. Designated as Yarnbury Castle SSSI, the site encompasses a total of 9.1 hectare.</p><br>
<p>The SSSI designation for the site arises due to interest in the biodiversity and species present upon the earthworks of the fort themselves, with the inner and surrounding parts of the site being of improved agricultural grassland of little interest. The earthworks support a rich chalk grassland flora, including for several rare species. There are 16 species of grass and sedge recorded; with upright brome (Bromus erectus), sheep&#39;s fescue (Festuca ovina), quaking grass (Briza media), crested hair-grass (Koeleria cristata), and dwarf sedge (Carex humilis). Various herb species include for dwarf thistle (Cirsium acaule), chalk milkwort (Polygala calcarea), horseshoe vetch (Hippocrepis comosa), common thyme (Thymus praecox), squinancywort (Asperula cynanchica) and common rock-rose (Helianthemum nummularium).</p><br>
<p>Rarer national species include for field fleawort (Senecio integrifolius), bastard toadflax (Thesium humifusum), and burnt orchid (Orchis ustulata), fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea), and other orchids.</p><br>
<p>The site was previously populated with scattered juniper (Juniperus communis) bushes, but these are now removed and the current grazing regime ensures that they do not return. There are some invertebrates recorded, including for marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and small heath (Coenonympha pamphilus) butterflies, and a number of downland birds are present including for the skylark, corn bunting and grey partridge.</p><br>
<p>Manitou Camp is a logging and fishing camp started in the 1890s on Manitou Island, part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Today, as historically, Manitou Camp is used as a campground and as a facility for fishing. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983 and is owned by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s four Swedes who were cutting cedar on the island built a cabin in a northern European style. Their cabin remains at the camp to this day, built of cedar logs hand-flattened on two sides, joined with half-dove-tailed notches, chinked with moss, with a small cellar beneath a trapdoor in the floor. When the Swedes finished logging three of them left, but John Hanson stayed on.</p><br>
<p>Hanson fished year-round, smoked meat, gardened, and had a horse on this remote island. He built a twine shed which remains today. He was joined by a Frenchman, Gus Plud. In the 1920s or 1930s Frank Childs built a cabin there and fished in the winter with a man named Black Pete. In the early 1930s John Hanson built a smokehouse for smoking herring and venison. Later a Captain Bark winter-fished from the camp.</p><br>
<p>One objective of these fishermen was the November–December herring run. The herring were cleaned and salted right at Manitou camp, then packed into barrels for transport to Bayfield. After the lake froze, the fishermen drove dogsleds out over the ice. They hung gill nets on lines and poles under the ice and after a day or two, collected a catch of whitefish and lake trout. (One wooden fish sled remains at the camp.)</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s two Norwegian brothers, Theodore and Hjalmer Olson, fished out of Manitou Camp in winters. In 1938 they bought the camp and lived there year-round. They constructed a 14 by 18 foot log bunkhouse in a Scandinavian style, which remains, and a twine shed for storing fishing nets. The Olsons rented cabins to loggers and fishermen, and lived at Manitou camp at least into the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Around camp there are also a couple old outhouses, a handmade windlass, boat skids, the remains of a pier, handmade fish boxes, a net reel, a net fork, tarring tank, gutting board, and salt barrels. These remnants of the fishing industry remain where they were used and left. That they were not cleaned up and redeveloped like the valuable land around most docks is what makes Manitou Camp unique in the area.</p><br>
<p>Upper Fremont Glacier is in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness of Shoshone National Forest in the USA state of Wyoming. This Wind River Range alpine glacier is associated with the largest grouping of glaciers in the USA Rocky Mountains and lies on the north slope of Fremont Peak, the third tallest mountain in Wyoming. Upper Fremont Glacier is at an average altitude of 13,450 ft and is one of the highest altitude glaciers in the American Rockies.</p><br>
<p>Ice core samples were taken from Upper Fremont Glacier in 1990-1991. These ice cores were analyzed for climatic changes as well as alterations of atmospheric chemicals. In 1998 an unbroken ice core sample of 538 ft was taken from the glacier and subsequent analysis of the ice showed an abrupt change in the oxygen isotope ratio oxygen-18 to oxygen-16 in conjunction with what is widely regarded as the end of the Little Ice Age, a period of cooler global temperatures between the years 1550 and 1850. A linkage was established with a similar ice core study which had been undertaken on the Quelccaya Ice Cap in Peru, which also demonstrated the same changes in the oxygen isotope ratio during the same period. The climatic implications from the ice cores taken from both sites support evidence of a sudden global climate change during the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Ice cores from the glacier also showed increased levels of Tritium (H) and chlorine-36 around the year 1963, which coincides with the peak period of above ground nuclear testing.</p><br>
<p>The same ice cores were also tested for Mercury deposition from natural and human-induced activities. This is the first known instance in which ice cores have been used to determine Mercury deposition from a mid-latitude glacier in North America, as all previous studies have been derived from other sources. The majority of Mercury deposition is by way of the atmosphere and sources of the element may be from volcanic activity or from industrialization, but volcanoes contribute a small proportion of the Mercury. The ice core samples from the Upper Fremont Glacier indicated that levels of Mercury increased dramatically during the industrial revolution and have decreased significantly since the mid-1980s. It is believed that the decrease in Mercury deposition since the 1980s coincides with the passage of the Clean Air Act.</p><br>
<p>Arbury Hill, at 225 m , is the joint highest point in the English county of Northamptonshire. It is 9 km southwest of the town of Daventry.</p><br>
<p>The slopes of Arbury Hill are a drainage divide between three major river catchment areas, with the Nene to the north, east and south, the Cherwell (a tributary of the Thames) to the south-west and the Leam (a tributary of the Severn) to the west and north-west.</p><br>
<h2>Earthworks</h2><br>
<p>On the summit of Arbury Hill there are the vestiges of an Iron Age Fort, although this is disputed. The remains are in the form of a square ditch and embankment about 200 metres across.</p><br>
<p>There is a motor-cross track on the east side and top of the hill that is used for competitions about three times a year.</p><br>
<p>Vulf, or Volf, is an island also known as Dash Zira  or Kichik Zira . The word "Zira" originated in the Arabic word "Jazīra", meaning "island". Vulf is tiny and uninhabited. It is one of the many islands that protect the Bay of Baku, Azerbaijan.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The island is part of the Baku Archipelago, which consists of the following islands: Boyuk Zira, Kichik Zira, Qum Island or Peschany, Zenbil, Sangi-Mugan, Chikil, Qara Su, Khara Zira, Gil, Tava (Plita), Khanlar (Ptichiy), Ignat Dash and a few smaller ones.</p><br>
<p>Vulf has an area of approximately 1 km (24.711 acres). Vulf&#39;s surrounding waters are very shallow. There is very little vegetation of Vulf, due to oil pollution as well as many other factors.</p><br>
<p>Caspian seals, sturgeon, and numerous types of birds like teal ducks, herring gulls, and grebes are a few of the species that can be found on and around the island.</p><br>
<p>Baker is a neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Baker is generally defined by these boundaries: on the north by West 6th Avenue, on the east by Broadway Street, on the south by West Mississippi Avenue, and on the west by the South Platte River.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>A historic district of approximately 30 blocks lies in the northeast corner of the neighborhood with irregular borders that range from within a half block of Alameda Ave. and Broadway on the south and east to as far as Fox St. on the west and W. 5th Ave. on the north. The historic district designation was granted in 2000 as Baker Historic District as part of the Historic Preservation effort of the City of Denver. The same area designated as a local historic district had been entered into the National Register of Historic Places as South Side-Baker Historic District in 1985. South Side is a name used in the 1880s for a larger area from Cherry Creek to Yale Ave., mostly east of Broadway.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>A portion of the neighborhood&#39;s riverfront was homesteaded by William and Elizabeth Byers in 1859, just north of where James Beckwourth, a former slave, settled the same year. The first subdivision in Baker was platted along Santa Fe Dr. south of W. Sixth Ave. in 1872, and residential development took off in the 1880s. The part of the neighborhood north of Alameda Ave. was annexed into the city of Denver in 1883. The neighborhood includes hundreds of 19th century brick houses and 39 buildings by locally famous architect William Lang. More than 80 percent of the neighborhood was developed by 1900. In the 1970s the City of Denver named the neighborhood after Baker Junior High School (now Denver Center for International Studies) which had been named for turn of the 20th century University of Colorado president James Hutchins Baker, who never lived in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Character</h2><br>
<p>As of the 2010 Census Baker had 4879 residents from a variety of racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. 15.3% of Baker residents were under 18 years old. The makeup of the neighborhood was 34.11% Latino, 58.50% non-Latino White, 2.95% African American, 0.88% Native American, 1.07% Asian/Pacific Islander, and 2.50% people of other or mixed racial background. The neighborhood has changed significantly since the 2000 Census, when the two most populous racial/ethnic groups were roughly reversed in proportion, with approximately 54% Latino and 40% non-Latino White. Overall population declined over the decade by 931 people, or 16.02%.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is a mix of industrial, residential and commercial properties with the area along I-25 having an industrial character, the area along Broadway consisting mostly of commercial retail and offices, and north of Alameda between Santa Fe and Broadway making up the residential core. South of Alameda Ave. at Broadway is a large retail center with several big box stores and further south is the former Gates Rubber factory complex, site of a major redevelopment project which stalled in the late 2000s.</p><br>
<p>Dailey Park at W. Ellsworth Ave. and Cherokee St. is the second largest park in the neighborhood while Phil Milstein Park is the largest. Baker is served by several bus lines and two Light Rail stops, Alameda and I-25 and Broadway.</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Arcade  is a historic shopping center at 130 Westminster Street and 65 Weybosset Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island built in 1828. It is notable as the first enclosed shopping mall in the United States and has been lauded as a fine example of commercial Greek Revival architecture. It served as a shopping center for many years before falling into decline in the late 20th century. It has since been closed for renovation and rehabilitation several times, and most recently reopened its doors in October 2013 as a residential and commercial mixed-use building. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Arcade was developed as a commercial business venture by Cyrus Butler. Its preliminary design called for two floors of shops, and a third floor was added to the plans before construction began. The building was designed by Russell Warren and Tallman & Bucklin. Their design called for an arcaded lane of shops with skylights in the roof providing illumination, in emulation of similar structures then found in some European cities. Construction of the mall roughly followed the original plan, but some hasty alterations were made to meet the need for a vestibule and stairway on the Weybosset Street side of the building to provide access to the third floor. These were not well-constructed and required repairs in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the Arcades opening, there were few retail stores on the west side of the Providence River. Most shopping was located on the east side or Cheapside district. The arcade was slow to attract customers and was known as "Butlers Folly" for many years because of its distance from the retail districts. This changed when a fashionable hat shop opened next door which attracted wealthy female customers to the neighborhood. After that, Westminster Street and downtown developed into a major shopping area.</p><br>
<p>In June 1843, President John Tyler toured New England while considering a potential third-party bid for re-election. One of Tyler&#39;s several Providence stops was at the Westminster Arcade, where he reportedly shook hands with 5,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The building served as a shopping center well into the 20th century. It fell into disrepair but was rehabilitated by architects Irving B. Haynes & Associates and Gilbane Properties, and it reopened in 1980. It closed again in 2008 for renovations, and reopened in October 2013 as a mixed-use commercial and residential "micro-loft" space.</p><br>
<p>The Arcade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Arcade is a long, narrow building extending between Westminster and Weybosset Streets, north of Orange Street in downtown Providence. The two street-facing sides consist of Greek temple fronts, with six massive Ionic columns 45 ft high. The columns on the Westminster Street side are topped by a triangular pediment; the Weybosset Street side has a block-and-panel railing above a simple entablature. Behind these fronts are open vestibule areas with stairs leading to the upper levels. The stairs leading to the third level are somewhat crowded beneath the roofline, particularly on the Weybosset Street side, where the vestibule was a late addition occasioned by the decision to add a third floor. The long sides of the building are relatively unadorned, as it was expected by the architects that structures would eventually be built abutting them.</p><br>
<p>The interior consists of a main avenue 13 ft on the ground floor, above which the second and third floor lanes are protected by richly decorated cast iron railings capped in mahogany. The skylit roof extends the length of the building, its ridgeline aligned at the Westminster end with the top of the triangular pediment. Emphasis in all of the building&#39;s construction was on the use of fireproof materials; granite, brick, and cast iron are all used, and the roof was made of tin.</p><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví is a volcano in the Andes of central Chile. The 3,242 m high volcano lies in the Linares Province and the Maule Region. It features a summit crater and several parasitic craters. The volcano is constructed principally from lava flows. Two collapses of the edifice have carved collapse scars into the volcano, one on the eastern slope known as Lomas Limpias and another on the southwestern slope known as Los Bueye. The volcano featured a glacier in 1976 and is the headwater of the Achibueno and Blanco rivers.</p><br>
<p>The oldest volcanic activity occurred one million years ago. After a first phase characterized by basaltic andesite effusion, the bulk of the edifice was constructed by andesitic lava flows. Nevado de Longaví features an unusual magma chemistry that resembles adakite. It may be the consequence of the magma being unusually water-rich; such may occur because the Mocha fracture zone subducts beneath the volcano.</p><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví was active during the Holocene. 6,835 ± 65 or 7,500 years before present an explosive eruption deposited pumice over 20 km away from the volcano. A lava flow was then erupted over the pumice. The last eruption occurred about 5,700 years ago and formed a lava dome. The volcano has no historic eruptions but features fumarolic activity and is watched by SERNAGEOMIN.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví lies in the Longaví commune of Linares Province, Maule Region.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví lies in the Andean Mountain Range&#39;s South Volcanic Zone, which extends between 33 and 46 degrees southern latitude. Nevado de Longaví is usually put into the "Transitional Southern Volcanic Zone". Farther east lie Tatara-San Pedro and Laguna del Maule. It is one among 60 volcanoes in Chile and Argentina that lie within the Southern Volcanic Zone. Among the largest volcanic eruptions in this area were the 1932 Quizapu and the 1991 Cerro Hudson eruptions.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in the Southern Volcanic Zone is caused by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South American Plate in the Peru-Chile Trench, at a pace of 40 mm/year. The Southern Volcanic Zone is one among several volcanic belts in the Andean Volcanic Belt. Areas without volcanic activity separate it from the Central Volcanic Zone in the north and the Austral Volcanic Zone in the south. These gaps appear to coincide where the Juan Fernandez Ridge and the Chile Rise, respectively, subduct in the Peru-Chile Trench. In the volcanic gaps, the subducting slab seems to be attached to the overriding plate without an asthenosphere in between, suppressing the production of magma.</p><br>
<p>There is a strong north-south gradient among volcanoes of the Southern Volcanic Zone. The northernmost volcanoes are the highest, lie on thicker crust which causes their magmas to have a stronger crustal contribution, are dominated by andesitic and more evolved magmas and have the highest quantity of incompatible elements in their magmas. Southern volcanoes are lower, tend to erupt mafic magmas and are located west of the continental divide.</p><br>
<p>Volcanism in areas of subduction is caused by the release of slab fluids from the subducting slab into the abovelying asthenospheric mantle. The injection of such fluids triggers fluxing and the formation of magmas. Conversely, the descending slab itself is usually not considered a major contributor to magma genesis. Such exceptional magmas are often referred to as adakites, but magmas with such a chemistry can also originate by other processes.</p><br>
<h3>Local</h3><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví lies within a small mountain chain. It was formerly considered 3,080 m or 3,181 m high; the elevation accepted nowadays is 3,242 m. The volcano has a summit crater and many adventive craters on its slopes. The summit crater is heavily degraded by erosion. Lava flows extend radially away from the summit crater and form the bulk of the volcano. The adventive craters are also associated with lava flows. These lava flows are accompanied by breccia and reach thicknesses of 4 -. Lahar deposits are found on the eastern slopes.</p><br>
<p>Scarps on the east-southeast flanks resulted from sector collapses of the volcano. This collapse is known as Lomas Limpias and its scar has a surface area of 2 km&sup2;. The collapse scar was later filled with products from explosive eruptions. Another collapse occurred on the south-southwestern flank, forming the Los Bueyes collapse and terrace deposits.</p><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví is a relatively small volcano. With a diameter of 9 km, a basal surface area of 64 km&sup2; and a height above base level of 1,800 m Nevado de Longaví has a volume of about 20 km3.</p><br>
<p>The basement beneath the volcano is formed by the volcaniclastic Cura-Mallín Formation of Eocene-Miocene age, Miocene plutons and the lavic-breccia Pliocene-Pleistocene Cola de Zorro formation. This last formation was identified as forming a deeply eroded volcano in the Cordón de Villalobos south of Nevado de Longaví. This volcano 10 km south of Nevado de Longaví is known as Villalobos. The emplacement of this formation was facilitated by a decrease in the compressional stress that had affected the region prior to the Pliocene.</p><br>
<p>Some isolated monogenetic volcanic centres can be found southeast of Nevado de Longaví. Aside from Villalobos, this includes Resago and Loma Blanca. The first and the last are of Pleistocene age, based on their preservation. Resago is post-glacial. The last two centres appear to be related to a geological lineament that flanks the eastern slopes of Nevado de Longaví.</p><br>
<p>In 1976, a glacier was reported on the southern slope. Previous glaciation is also supported by the presence of glacial striations on lava flows and of lahar deposits. The Rio Blanco originates on the southeastern slope of Nevado de Longaví, within the collapse scar. It turns south and west around the volcano in a fishhook pattern. The Estero Martinez and Quebrada Los Bueyes rivers also originate on Nevado de Longaví, on the western and southern flank respectively. They are both tributaries of the Rio Blanco. The Achibueno River also originates on the eastern flank of Nevado de Longaví in a lake of the same name. It flows first northeastward and then turns around the volcano.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Nevado de Longaví has chiefly erupted andesite, which form about 80% of the volcano. Smaller amounts of basalt and dacite were also erupted by the volcano, the former in the early stages of activity and as basaltic andesite inclusions, the latter during the Holocene stages.</p><br>
<p>Early stage rocks contain phenocrysts of clinopyroxene, olivine and plagioclase. Mainstage rocks in addition contain amphibole and orthopyroxene. In the Holocene rocks, apatite, iron and titanium oxides and sulfides have been found. Aside from minerals, gabbro and mafic rocks form enclaves. Granite xenoliths are also found. Unlike these granites, the gabbros appear to be cumulates considering their chemical similarity to Nevado de Longaví rocks.</p><br>
<p>The chemistry of Nevado de Longavís magmas is unusual among the volcanoes of the South Volcanic Zone. For example, the potassium content is unusually low. Likewise, incompatible elements are underrepresented. Modal amphibole is much more prevalent. Nevado de Longavís magmas have been referred to as adakitic, the only magmas of such chemistry in the Southern Volcanic Zone, but this classification has been contested. Fractional crystallization of amphibole has been invoked to explain some of the compositional patterns.</p><br>
<p>On the basis of their rubidium content, Nevado de Longaví&#39;s magmas have been classified in two groups. The rubidium-rich group resembles that of other volcanoes in the Southern Volcanic Zone; the rubidium-poor group conversely is the "unusual" one. The differences appear to reflect both different parental magmas and different magma evolution. There is a temporal pattern of the magmas becoming more rubidium-poor over time.</p><br>
<p>The unusual chemical patterns appear to reflect that the magmas erupted from Nevado de Longaví were extremely rich in water. Such a pattern has also been noted at Mocho-Choshuenco and Calbuco. All these volcanoes are located above the points where fracture zones intersect the Peru-Chile Trench, and it&#39;s been proposed that these fracture zones channel water into the mantle. In the case of Nevado de Longaví, the Mocha fracture zone is subducting beneath the volcano.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption history</h2><br>
<p>Early stage basaltic andesite lava flows crop out on the northern and southwestern slopes of Nevado de Longaví. They originated at a site 400 m below the present-day summit and reach thicknesses of 100 -. Individual flows are about 1 - thick. These volcanic rocks are up to one million years old.</p><br>
<p>During the main growth stage, volcanic activity was approximately constant considering the homogeneous structure of the lava flows. Temporary periods of dormancy however occurred, causing the formation of erosion valleys on the northern slope that were then filled by younger lava flows. These younger lava flows were themselves subject to glaciation.</p><br>
<h3>Holocene</h3><br>
<p>The last activity occurred during the Holocene, and included explosive activity. It was centered in the eastern collapse scar and on the summit region. In the eastern collapse scar, possibly subglacial activity formed a 30 m thick sequence including clasts, lava flows and silt.</p><br>
<p>6,835 ± 65 or 7,500 years before present, a large explosive eruption occurred. It deposited dacitic pumice over 20 km southeast from the volcano. Maximum thickness of the deposits is 30 m. It is also known as the Rio Blanco fall deposit. In the eastern collapse scar, the pumice was later buried by an andesitic lava flow, which is undated and carries the name Castillo Andesite.</p><br>
<p>The last eruption formed a lava dome within the collapse scar and the summit area. This eruption occurred about 5,700 years ago. A secondary collapse of the lava dome formed a 0.12 km3 large block-and-ash flow that descended the eastern slopes and covers a surface area of about 4 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>There is no reported historical volcanic activity, but fumarolic activity has been reported and remote sensing has found thermal anomalies on a scale of about 4 K-change. The volcano together with Lomas Blancas has been prospected for the potential of obtaining geothermal energy; estimated capacities are 248 megawatts.</p><br>
<h2>Hazards</h2><br>
<p>The volcano is ranked 22 on Chile&#39;s national volcano hazard scale. The towns closest to the volcano are Cerro Los Castillos, La Balsa, La Orilla, Las Camelias and Rincón Valdés. The Mendoza Province in Argentina could also be potentially affected by activity at Nevado de Longaví.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent occurred in 1965 by S. Kunstmann and W. Foerster, but evidence reported during that ascent implies that humans had reached the mountain earlier. Otherwise, Nevado de Longaví is one of the important tourist attractions of the commune.</p><br>
<p>The Paparoa Range is a mountain range in the West Coast region of New Zealand&#39;s South Island. It is located along the coast between the Buller and Grey Rivers, with the Inangahua River to the east. Some of the range is protected as the Paparoa National Park. Within this park, the 1995 Cave Creek disaster occurred.</p><br>
<p>Significant coal deposits have been found in the Paparoa Range, with the Blackball Branch/Roa Incline and the Rewanui Branch railways built to provide access to the mines. Although these branch lines are now closed, they were famous for their usage of the Fell mountain railway system to aid braking for trains descending the Inclines (though this was not a full use of the Fell system like the North Island&#39;s Rimutaka Incline).</p><br>
<p>Numerous species of flora and fauna are found in the Paparoa Range, as well as lower slopes and valleys below. One of the significant understory elements of the floral palette is the fern Blechnum discolor.</p><br>
<p>The highest peak in the Paparoa Range is Mount Uriah at 1,501 m (4,925 ft), and a number of other peaks are higher than 1,200 m. The Papahaua Range north of the Buller Gorge is a geological continuation of the Paparoa Range.</p><br>
<p>Lady Julia Percy Island, also known by its Aboriginal name Deen Maar or Dhinmar, lies 6 km off the coast, in the Barwon South West region of Victoria, Australia in Bass Strait.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>It is 12 km south-south-west of Yambuk, and 22 km south-west of Port Fairy. The island is about 2 km in length by 1 km in width, with an area of 1.33 km&sup2, comprising a plateau, varying in height from 32 - asl, surrounded by cliffs, rock platforms and reefs. It contains an important seal breeding colony. It has a long history of human exploitation, which has drastically affected its vegetation communities, though it is now protected as a State Faunal Reserve. It is listed on Australia&#39;s Register of the National Estate. It is best viewed from The Crags or Yambuk Lake, both of which are in the Yambuk area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Lady Julia Percy Island was well known to the Aboriginal people of the region; it is understood that the spirits of the dead were conveyed across the sea to the island from a cave called Tarnwirring ("the flowing of the wind") at the top of a rocky sea cliff.</p><br>
<p>The island was first named "Lady Julia’s Island" in 1800 by Lt James Grant after either the wife or daughter of Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland. In 1802 Matthew Flinders expanded the name to Lady Julia Percy&#39;s Island as he sailed past on his ship the. Also in 1802, Nicolas Baudin sailed past the island in his ship the Géographe, and recorded the island as Ile aux Alouettes, a name that has not persisted.</p><br>
<p>During the early 19th century, sealing took place with sealing gangs living on the island often for months at a time. There are two graves on the island – one of a sealer buried in 1822, and one of a man named Hardman buried in 1828 by Captain Wishart of the Fairy. Guano was mined on the island until 1861 for fertiliser, being transported to Port Fairy in barges.</p><br>
<p>In January 1936 a scientific expedition from Melbourne University&#39;s McCoy Society visited the island for six weeks and carried out a comprehensive ecological survey.</p><br>
<h2>Environment</h2><br>
<h3>Geology</h3><br>
<p>Formed some seven million years ago, the island is much older than other volcanoes in the region, and is also unusual in being built by both submarine and terrestrial eruptions. It provides exposures of internal volcanic structure, including a volcanic vent. Six successive lava flows can be seen in the coastal cliffs. It is Australia’s only off-shore volcano and the only large basalt island off the coast of western Victoria. Lady Julia Percy Island is considered part of the Newer Volcanics Province — this polycyclic volcano erupted in two phases, at 7.80 ± 0.08 Ma and 6.22 ± 0.06 Ma</p><br>
<h3>Flora</h3><br>
<p>With regard to the flora, Frederic Wood Jones said in 1936 of the island, following his leadership of the 1936 McCoy Society expedition:</p><br>
<p>"A century ago it was covered with a dense, almost impenetrable, growth of the mixed bushy scrub that characterizes certain parts of the coast of the adjacent mainland. Some sixty years ago this dense scrub was still standing over the major portion of the island; but to-day the whole of the plateau is devoid of any growth more majestic than bracken fern and thistles. The whole plateau is, at present, a windswept area, clothed only by vegetation knee-high at the best, and at the worst, by loose volcanic soil or bare rock. This denudation of forest cover is due to human interference, for pigs were at one time turned down on the island, rabbits were liberated and are still living in their thousands, and sealers, fishermen and guano workers have cut down and burned the stunted and wind-blown trees that formerly covered the island."</p><br>
<p>The landscape of the island&#39;s plateau is now bleak and windswept. It lacks trees and is still largely covered with grasses and bracken on thin black soil. The dominant vegetation communities are grassland and closed fernland. The vulnerable Shore Spleenwort (Asplenium obtusatum) still survives there.</p><br>
<h3>Fauna</h3><br>
<p>The island is one of four Australian fur seal breeding colonies in Victoria and, with an estimated 27,000 seals, is the largest such colony in Australia. It is occasionally visited by Australian sea lions and southern elephant seals. Pigs and rabbits were previously introduced but have since disappeared or been eradicated.</p><br>
<p>The island is home to breeding little penguins (2000 pairs), common diving-petrels (1000 pairs), fairy prions (1000 pairs), and short-tailed shearwaters (15,000 pairs). White&#39;s skink is the only reptile present. The surrounding waters are visited by great white sharks.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Access to Lady Julia Percy Island itself is restricted, and landing is by permit only. However, boat cruises from Port Fairy to the waters around the island are popular; they allow people to see the seal colony and watch whales and seabirds on the way.</p><br>
<p>Mount Meharry is the highest mountain in Western Australia. It is located in the Hamersley Range within the southeastern part of Karijini National Park in the Pilbara region, approximately 86 km from Wittenoom, and 87 km from Tom Price.</p><br>
<p>The Pandjima peoples are the traditional owners of the area. The indigenous name for Mount Meharry is</p><br>
<p>Wirlbiwirlbi.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Meharry is named after William Thomas ("Tom") Meharry (1912-1967), Chief Geodetic Surveyor for Western Australia from 1959 to 1967. It was discovered (so far as non-indigenous records show) by Surveyor Trevor Markey and his party in 1967. Tom Meharry directed the survey party and performed the calculations that confirmed the mountain was the highest peak in Western Australia, being 15 m higher than Mount Bruce which lies 62 km northwest of Mount Meharry.</p><br>
<p>After Meharry&#39;s sudden death on 16 May 1967 the Nomenclature Advisory Committee (now the Geographic Names Committee) recommended to the Minister for Lands that the recently discovered peak be named after him. The Minister for Lands Stewart Bovell approved this on 28 July 1967 and a notice naming the peak was published in the Western Australian Government Gazette on 15 September 1967.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, Gina Rinehart, daughter of Lang Hancock applied to the Geographic Names Committee to rename the mountain after her father. The application was declined and in 2002 she lobbied the then-Premier Geoff Gallop with the same proposal. He too declined the request.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The summit of Mt Meharry can be reached from the Great Northern Highway via an unsealed road 16 km in length and a vehicular track 21 km in length. Permission should be sought from the managers of the land over which the road and track pass. These are Juna Downs Station and the Department of Parks and Wildlife, which manages Karijini National Park. In dry conditions, a two-wheel-drive vehicle can reach the national park boundary at about 800 metres altitude, requiring a walk of about 7 kilometres to the summit.</p><br>
<p>The Cook Ice Cap or Cook Glacier  is a large ice cap in the Kerguelen Islands in the French Southern Territories zone of the far Southern Indian Ocean.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The Cook Ice Cap reaches a maximum elevation of 1,049 m in its central area. It had a surface of approximately 500 km&sup2; in 1963, having shrunk to about 400 km&sup2; in recent times.</p><br>
<p>Named after British explorer James Cook (1728–1779), on French navigational charts of the early 20th century this ice cap appears as Glacier Richthofen</p><br>
<h3>Glaciers</h3><br>
<p>About sixty glaciers flow from the inner ice cap in a roughly radial pattern. At the feet of the snout of these outlet glaciers there are often terminal moraines with dammed lakes of varying sizes. Further down the glacial meltwaters have formed numerous outwash plains at certain, mostly inland, locations. Only one of the glaciers originating in the Cook Ice Cap has its terminus in the Indian Ocean at the Anse des Glaçons in southeastern Kerguelen&#39;s deeply indented coastline.</p><br>
<p>The following are the main glaciers listed clockwise:</p><br>
<p>Agassiz Glacier (Glacier Agassiz)</p><br>
<p>Chamonix Glacier (Glacier de Chamonix)</p><br>
<p>Dumont dUrville Glacier (Glacier Dumont dUrville)</p><br>
<p>Vallot Glacier (Glacier Vallot)</p><br>
<p>Naumann Glacier (Glacier Naumann)</p><br>
<p>Explorateur Glacier (Glacier de l&#39;Explorateur)</p><br>
<p>Ampère Glacier (Glacier Ampère)</p><br>
<p>La Diozaz Glacier (Glacier de la Diozaz)</p><br>
<p>Lavoisier Glacier (Glacier Lavoisier)</p><br>
<p>Descartes Glacier (Glacier Descartes)</p><br>
<p>Pierre Curie Glacier (Glacier Pierre Curie)</p><br>
<p>Pasteur Glacier (Glacier Pasteur)</p><br>
<p>Mariotte Glacier (Glacier Mariotte)</p><br>
<p>Cauchy Glacier (Glacier Cauchy)</p><br>
<p>Ko Tarutao island  is the largest island of Tarutao National Marine Park in Satun Province of Thailand, close to Malaysia border. The island is 26 km long and 11 km wide. It is one of the most unspoiled islands in Andaman Sea and in all of Thailand. The Malay word tertua or tarutao means old and primitive.</p><br>
<h2>Overview</h2><br>
<p>There is a concrete road running through the island, but the terrain is rugged and mountainous with several peaks stretching more than 500 m high. The highest peak is 713 m high. Most of the island territory is covered in dense, old growth jungle. Mangrove trees and limestone cliffs cover much of the island shores. The western coast has long and wide white-sand beaches which are historical nestling ground sites for turtles. Langurs, crab-eating macaques and wild pigs are common on the island.</p><br>
<p>Ao Son beach on the west side of the island is over 4 km long and over 200 m wide.</p><br>
<p>From its eastern side the larger island of Ko Tarutao is encircled by over 10 smaller offshore islands and limestone karst islets, such as Ko Sing, Ko Kaman, Ko Ko Lo, Ko Klang, Ko Pulao Na, Ko Daeng, Ko Laen, Ko Lek, and others.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ko Tarutao is a place of historical importance. Between 1938 and 1948, more than 3000 Thai criminals and political prisoners were held here, including Sittiporn Gridagon, the son of Rama VII. During World War II, food and medical supplies from the mainland were depleted and many prisoners died from malaria. Those who survived, both prisoners and guards, became pirates in the nearby Strait of Malacca. Later they were suppressed by British troops in 1951 to deter the rise of more prisoners.</p><br>
<p>In 2002, Ko Tarutao was used as the filming location for Survivor: Thailand</p><br>
<p>A 16 August 2013 Bangkok Post editorial said human trafficking gangsters "use the southern tip of the island to incarcerate and torture Muslim Rohingya boat people to extort ransom money before selling them into slavery".</p><br>
<p>Yewbarrow is a fell, in the English Lake District, which lies immediately north of the head of Wast Water. It is 628 metres high and in shape resembles the upturned hull of a boat or a barrow. Yewbarrow is on the left in the classic view of Great Gable and Wast Water.</p><br>
<p>The top of Stirrup Crag forms a second summit 616 metres (2,021 feet) high, half a mile north of the main summit. The Hewitt and Nuttall lists classify the north top as a separate summit.</p><br>
<p>The name is derived from the past prevalence of yew trees on the fell and its "barrow" shape.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>The Western Fells occupy a triangular sector of the Lake District, bordered by the River Cocker to the north-east and Wasdale to the south-east. Westwards the hills diminish toward the coastal plain of Cumberland. At the central hub of the high country are Great Gable and its satellites, while two principal ridges fan out on either flank of Ennerdale, the western fells in effect being a great horseshoe around this long wild valley. Yewbarrow is an outlier of the southern arm.</p><br>
<p>The main watershed runs broadly westwards from Great Gable, dividing the headwaters of Ennerdale and Wasdale. Travelling in this direction the principal hills are Kirk Fell, Pillar, Scoat Fell, Haycock and Caw Fell. Scoat Fell throws out a long southern ridge terminating in Yewbarrow, with Red Pike standing part way along.</p><br>
<p>The southern end of Yewbarrow rises steeply from the shore of Wastwater, the crest of the fell running a little east of north for about two miles. Just beyond the second top, the ridge swings sharply to the west at the depression of Dore Head (475 m. / 1,560 ft) continuing then onto Red Pike. The strath of Wasdale Head forms the eastern boundary of the fell with the quiet valley of Over Beck to the west. The ridge-top is rimmed by crags, particularly above Over Beck, and at either end. Stirrup Crag lies below the north summit, sometimes lending its name to the top, while Dropping Crag and Bell Rib guard the southern end of the crest.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The summit is formed from the tuff, lapilli-tuff and breccia of the Lingmell Formation. The eastern slopes display the rhyolitic rocks of the Long Top Member and Crinkle Member. The crags on the western face are outcrops of the plagioclase-phyric andesite lavas of the Birker Fell Formation.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Although smaller than the other fells surrounding Wasdale Head — Scafell Pike, Scafell, Great Gable, Kirk Fell and Pillar — the ascent of Yewbarrow by the two traditional routes involves some scrambling. There are two primary ascents to Yewbarrow from Wasdale Head, via Overbeck Bridge and the Great Door (a cleft in the rocks providing thrilling views of Wast Water) or via Dore Head and Stirrup Crag. It is possible to circumvent almost all the scrambling on the route via Great Door by taking a path to the left of the major gully, and a cairned track without any scrambling runs up the west side from below Stirrup Crag to the minor col between the two tops of Yewbarrow.</p><br>
<p>It can also be climbed as part of the Mosedale Horseshoe, which can start or end at Yewbarrow and also includes Red Pike, Scoat Fell, Steeple and Pillar.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit bears a cairn set on grass, perhaps a surprise after the rough ascent. Yewbarrow is an excellent vantage point for the high fells in this part of the Lake District. Its unique location makes it the only place to enjoy uninterrupted views of the Scafells, Great Gable, Kirk Fell and Pillar.</p><br>
<p>The Dampier Archipelago is a group of islands near Dampier, Western Australia. It is named after William Dampier, an English buccaneer and explorer who visited in 1699. Dampier named one of the islands, Rosemary Island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The largest island (or peninsula) in the group was known as Murujuga by the earliest inhabitants, the Yaburara (or Jaburara) people. The first British settlers renamed it Dampier Island and it was later officially renamed Burrup Peninsula.</p><br>
<h2>Marine resources</h2><br>
<p>Despite being a region through which considerable shipping and industrial activity occurs the archipelago has considerable marine resources.Jones, Diana S.</p><br>
<p>Dampier Archipelago down under. Landscope (Como, W.A.), Summer 2003, p. 47-52</p><br>
<h2>Indigenous heritage</h2><br>
<p>In 1868, the area was the site of the Flying Foam massacre, in which between 20 and 150 members of the Yaburara are reported to have been killed.</p><br>
<p>Hallington Reservoirs are located near the small village of Colwell, Northumberland, England on the B6342 road off the A68 road, and 7 mi north of Corbridge. Hallington is actually two small reservoirs: Hallington Reservoir West and Hallington Reservoir East, which are separated by a dam.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The reservoir was built at the end of the 19th century for the Newcastle and Gateshead Water Company. The reservoir forms part of a series of reservoirs along the A68 which are connected by tunnels and aqueducts from Catcleugh Reservoir to Whittle Dene; from where drinking water is supplied to Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, and some surrounding areas. The reservoirs that form the chain are, from northwest to southeast: Catcleugh Reservoir → Colt Crag Reservoir → Little Swinburne Reservoir → Hallington Reservoirs → Whittle Dene.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>The woodland on the northwestern corner of Hallington Reservoir East is mostly Scots pine and larch with beech, willow, and sycamore whilst marginal plants include the very rare and scarce small-fruited yellow sedge which occurs near the dam between both two reservoirs.</p><br>
<p>The reservoirs form an important wintering area for wildfowl, including wigeon, teal, and mallard whilst autumn waders include dunlin, black-headed, and common gulls.</p><br>
<p>There are sightings of red squirrel here as well as otters, badgers, and bats and recent surveys have also identified a healthy population of native white-clawed crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes within the aqueduct that flows into the reservoirs.</p><br>
<h2>Fishing</h2><br>
<p>Hallington is fished by many anglers.</p><br>
<p>The Balmville Tree was an old-growth eastern cottonwood growing at the intersection of River Road, Balmville Road and Commonwealth Avenue in Balmville, New York, a hamlet within the Town of Newburgh. It was the oldest tree of that species in the Eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>It was thought at first to be a Balm-of-Gilead tree, and lent that name to the surrounding community. By the late 20th century its size had led to consideration of its removal as a potential traffic hazard. The community rallied around efforts to save it, which led to its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 along with a neighboring house. The state took ownership of the land, making it New York&#39;s smallest state forest. However, the tree kept suffering structural problems, and it was finally cut down in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local folklore has it that the tree grew when George Washington planted his walking stick while he and the Continental Army were encamped in nearby Newburgh during the final years of the Revolutionary War, but core samples of the tree have dated its growth to 1699, well before American independence. Franklin Roosevelt often came to visit the tree.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 20th century, it began to suffer the effects of its advanced age and vandalism. In the mid-1970s arborists recommended it be removed as a traffic hazard. However, community groups led by Richard Severo, whose house overlooked the tree, were able to save it, citing its historic value.</p><br>
<p>It has thus received considerable protection from the state and federal governments. An elaborate guy-wire system and adjacent metal pole help support it, and it and the small patch of land on which it sits are protected, both by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation as a historic site and by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as a "public historic park" or state forest, making it New York&#39;s smallest at 348 square feet (31 m) in area. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2000.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 2009, a group of environmentally minded members of the community gathered around the tree as cherry pickers cut its branches, and gardeners from the Garden Club of Orange and Dutchess Counties and other nature organizations took buds to bring home and nurse in pots until large enough to plant in the ground. Any buds that flourish will be distributed to historically significant sites throughout the Mid Hudson Valley. As the headline of the next edition of The Sentinel proclaimed, "Balmville Tree&#39;s Longevity Could be Passed on to Descendents".</p><br>
<p>The only people to have successfully propagated a cutting from the Balmville Tree are Richard and Emoke Severo, who live next door to the tree. Of the four attempts the Severos made, after taking cuttings in 1999, the tricentennial of the Balmville Tree, only one survived which they credit to the cutting sharing the same water and soil as the original tree.</p><br>
<p>On August 5, 2015 the tree was cut down and removed by the New York State Department of Environmental Protection, which cited safety concerns. For several weeks prior to the removal, the surrounding roads were closed to traffic due to the rapid deterioration of the tree, including the danger of falling limbs. Residents did not protest, but nevertheless lamented the tree&#39;s end. "There is no Balmville without the Balmville Tree," one told a local newspaper.</p><br>
<p>A 15 ft stump remains. It is still a protected area; residents are planning to rededicate it. Many also took cuttings and will plant them in the hope of carrying on the tree genetically.</p><br>
<h2>Measurements</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its removal it was 25 feet (7.6 m) in circumference at its base, and 83 feet (25 m) high. It once reached as high as 110 feet (33. 5 m), but its crown had to be trimmed after extensive damage from Hurricane Floyd in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Annie Russell Theatre is a historic theater in Winter Park, Florida, United States. The theatre was named after the English-born actress Annie Russell. It was designed by the German-born architect Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott and constructed in 1931. It is located on the premises of Rollins College. On July 15, 1998, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Russell emigrated to the United States when at an early age. After a lengthy acting career in New York City, she relocated to New Jersey when she retired, however quickly changed her mind and moved to Winter Park in 1923. Shortly thereafter, she began teaching at Rollins College, continuing to do so until she died of lung disease in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is rumored to be haunted. Visitors to the theatre have claimed to have seen a female apparition in the second story changing room. However, due to recent structural modifications, this room can no longer be accessed.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kubenskoye  is a large and shallow lake in Vologda Oblast of Russia, situated at the height of 110.1 metres above mean sea level, stretching for 54 km from north-west to south-east.</p><br>
<p>The lake area is 648 km&sup2, without islands — 407 km&sup2;. Its average depth is 1.2 m. The lake is known for its frequents storms and seasonal fluctuations of water level. The average seasonal variation is 2.4 m and the maximum is 5.49 m. The lake is elongated from the northwest to the southeast. It is the source of the Sukhona River, which flows out in the southeastern corner of the lake.</p><br>
<p>Administratively, the lake is divided between Vologodsky District (west), Sokolsky District (southeast), and Ust-Kubinsky District (east) of Vologda Oblast. In terms of the area, Lake Vozhe is the fourth natural lake of Vologda Oblast (behind Lake Onega, Lake Beloye, and Lake Vozhe) and the fifth lake (also behind the Rybinsk Reservoir).</p><br>
<p>The area of the basin of the lake is 14,700 km&sup2;. The basin occupies much of the central and northern parts of Vologda Oblast, as well as parts of Konoshsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast. The major tributary of the lake is the Kubena River.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The lake was settled by Russians in the 12th century, when the Kamenny Monastery was founded on an islet in the lake. One branch of the Princes of Yaroslavl owned lands in the vicinity and was known as Princes Kubensky. Since 1828, the lake has been part of the Volga-Northern Dvina canal system. The eastern terminus of the Northern Dvina Canal is at the northwestern end of the lake. In 1917, a dam was built at the outflow of the Sukhona, thus converting the lake into a reservoir.</p><br>
<p>Strongs Neck is a hamlet and peninsula just south of Long Island Sound and hamlet in Suffolk County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island.</p><br>
<p>Strongs Neck is part of the Town of Brookhaven. Census data is included in Setauket-East Setauket, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was originally known as Little Neck. In the 17th century it was the home of William "Tangier" Smith who through purchases and land grants owned most of Brookhaven with property stretching from Shirley, New York on the Atlantic Ocean in the southwest to Riverhead, New York in the northeast as well as all of Fire Island.</p><br>
<p>Smith&#39;s great-granddaughter Anna (who was part of the Setauket Spy Ring during the American Revolution) married Selah Strong family and the neck was renamed Strong&#39;s Neck. Anna was to coordinate communication among the spies via the color of clothes hung on her clothes line on Strongs Neck.</p><br>
<p>The Strong family still owns the site of the original Smith mansion and Smith and many of his progeny are buried there.</p><br>
<p>Alistrati  is a town and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Nea Zichni, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 129.878 km. Population: town 2,127; municipal unit 3,088 . Alistrati is situated at the borders of the regional unit of Drama and regional unit of Serres. Its 20 km away from Drama and 45 km away from Serres. Alistrati was built on hills of the mountain range Menikio on an altitude of 325 m. You can realize it from the rising and sloping streets of the town. Remarkable traditional community, the biggest of the area Zichni - Fillida. Its been up-graded to municipality of Alistrati with the "Kapodistrias" law and included the villages: Agioxori, Skopia, Mandili, Lefkothea and R.S of Aggista. Since 2010, Alistrati is part of Nea Zichni municipality.</p><br>
<p>In the area of the town a plundered ancient Macedonian tomb has been found, which is undamaged even today, and also the traces of an ancient settlement. Alistrati is mentioned in 1460 in a manuscript of the holy Convent of Ikosifissa Pageo as a small town. A traveler from Turkey mentions it with the name Al-Strati in about 1650. There are many views about the etymology of the word "Alistrati". It is said that it comes from the Archistratigos (Michael - Gabriel).</p><br>
<p>Other people believe that the first name was "Alistrate" which means among streets. Some people give her the meaning of the street towards the sea, through Fillipi. According to the tradition, the name of the town, Alistrati, comes from "Agios Eustratios", the name of a saint, because it is believed that Alistrati was built on the ruins of a church devoted to Agios Eustratios. Alistrati was built by the people of the ancient town Alektrioupolis, situated 2 km southwest from Alistrati, where you can find the Monastery of Agia Kyriaki nowadays. That town lived until the mids of the 19th century as a small settling near the big number of roosters, which crew and made their presence audible in the area around. When the town was struck by an epidemic at the beginning of the Turkish occupation, most of the inhabitants moved to the today&#39;s Alistrati place.</p><br>
<p>At the beginning Alistrati was a small village, but it soon changed into a small town because of its geographical position and the merchandise, as well. It enjoyed great prosperity during the Turkish domination as it was a tobacco&#39;s industry centre and the religious and cultural centre of East Macedonia. After the revolution of 1821 against Turkish occupation, it was a transport, trade station between the area Serres-Drama-Kavala and that was now a remarkable business and trade activity had developed. It had also developed into an intellectual and religious center especially after it had been the seat of the See of Fillipi-Drama and Zichni (one can see the graves of three plelates in the yard of the Ag. Athanasios church) and after the establishing of the famous for that time Greek Central School of Alistrati where pupils from all the area of eastern Macedonia came to study.</p><br>
<p>The hill of Agios Konstantinos is situated north of Alistrati and at a very short distance. A place full of pines with am unique panoramic view. In front of and almost under its feet the plain of Drama is spread while you can have a clear view of the surrounding mountains and when the atmosphere is clear you can discern the peak of the mountain Orvilos in the north and Thassos island in the southeast. The place is a municipal park where the visitor apart from spending hours of relaxation someone has the chance to see the animals of the zoo which move around the spacious protected area.</p><br>
<h2>Alistrati's Caves and Aggitis Ravine</h2><br>
<p>According to the Greek Mythology, the Sphinx was appearing near the ravine of Aggitis river in the area of "Petroto". Its also been said that Pluto, master of Hades, when he had kidnapped Persephone, daughter of goddess Demeter led her to the ravine where its believed that there were the Gates of the Underworld. The specific area which is mentioned in these Greek Myths is the same one near the Alistrati&#39;s Caves.</p><br>
<p>The Alistrati cave lies about 6 km southeast of Alistratis town at a place called "Petroto". The expanse of the area is almost 14.000m2. The antechamber of the cave is 8 m height. Its from this point that start different high galleries folly decorated with stalactites and stalagmites. The main branches of the cave are developed to the left and to the right of the entrance starting from a huge chamber, the Teception Chamber of a width of 60 m, a length of 100 m and height of 20-30m. It&#39;s in this chamber that nature decided to demonstrate its power in creating ornaments. What fascinates the most is the huge stalactites and those pure white forming draperies. There are other chambers and their height is quite the same 8-10m. From the reception chamber and towards the left, emerges a second passage, quite parallel to the first. In this gallery there are even some red stalagmites which are called "The flames". The height of these formations reaches 35 m. Somewhere in this passages the two main passages join each other and continue with an always increasing width and height while from the ceiling one can see suspended huge and majestic stalactites of a height of 15 m.</p><br>
<p>Inside the cave there are countless floors which are still unknown. Very impressive is the big variety of stalactites and stalagmites inside the cave mostly because of the difference of their shapes and their age. The older stalactites are mainly in the galleries which are on the right side of the entrance. On the other hand, the "infant" stalactites on the left side of entrance.</p><br>
<p>Stalactites: They are the limestone tubular formations which are growing from the ceiling and downwards. Their length fluctuates between few centimetres and many metres.</p><br>
<p>Stalagmites: They are formed as the water drops, which carry acid carbonate, fall on the ground under a stalactite. When a stalactite meets a stalagmite, we have a new formation which is called "column"</p><br>
<p>Helictites: It&#39;s a rear kind of stalactite which is developed on the sides, on the floors even on the ceilings of the caves, towards many directions (up, side and down).</p><br>
<p>Shields: They are being developed as the water comes out through very thin fissures of the rock. Many times their diameter is of some metres.</p><br>
<p>Cave Pearls: They are small formations like spheres</p><br>
<p>Gours: They are another kind of formation which is also very interesting. Small barriers of calcium carbonate which are placed on the floor of the cave. The creation depends on the rainfall in the area of the cave. On Gour evolve a rear fauna.</p><br>
<p>The "egg- shaped " and the " Tumour - shaped " are different kinds of formatious. They are dark - coloured and usually found shaped. The " Cauliflower- like formation is another type of cave deposites. We can find them usually on the main body of a stalactite or a stalaguite.And finally the " Heccendrites in a variety of shapes.</p><br>
<p>The cave is placed 50 km away from Serres, 25 km from Drama and 55 km from Kavala. It is considered to be the most beautiful and most decorated cave in Greece and probably in Europe where nature revealed its power in creating ornaments and impressive rock formations.</p><br>
<p>At a distance of 250 m from the southern part of the entrance of the cave the railway line from Serres to Drama passes. Near the railway line and on the southern side of it is the Aggitis river. As a result of the waterflow of the river the limestone layers of the mountain has been corroded and the ravine of Aggitis river has been shaped.</p><br>
<p>The visitor in Alistrati apart from the cave can enjoy the river Aggitis which flows through the villages of Symvoli, Lefkothea and R.S. Aggista, forming idylic river by zones with rich plantation. Many connoisseur fishermen combine their hobbies with walks and pic-nic in the countryside.The area is suitable for rafting and Kanoye. It is a few meters further down the railways which pass beside the cave. The locals call it "Vraous".</p><br>
<h2>Sports</h2><br>
<p>Alistrati has one football team, Makedonikos Alistratis, which plays in the A2 Local Championship. The team plays on Munipacity Stadium of Alistrati, which can seat 200 people since 2005, when the stadium upgraded.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Alistrati has two schools, the Elementary School of Alistrati and the High School, which is in the same place with the Junior High School. Expect that, Alistrati has 3 English Schools.</p><br>
<h2>Entertainment</h2><br>
<p>Alistrati, as a big village has some places for entertainment. In total Alistrati has 3 clubs that they work almost every day and 4 Internet-Cafe&#39;s.</p><br>
<p>Visaltia  is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Nigrita. It was named after the ancient region Bisaltia. The ancient city of Berge is located here.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Visaltia was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 4 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Achinos</p><br>
<p>Nigrita</p><br>
<p>Tragilos</p><br>
<p>Visaltia</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 658.333 km, the municipal unit 144.255 km.</p><br>
<h2>Province</h2><br>
<p>The province of Visaltia (Επαρχία Βισαλτίας) was one of the provinces of the Serres Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Visaltia, and part of the municipal unit Strymoniko. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Emmanouil Pappas  is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. The seat of the municipality is in Chryso. The municipality takes its name after a local historical figure who played an important part as a leader in the Greek War of Independence against Ottoman rule. Emmanouil Pappas was born in the village that was previously called Dovista , probably of Slavic origin, though historians are uncertain of the exact root of that word. One conjecture involves the mispronunciation of the Latin Dove est, meaning where is it?, because, apparently, the village was undetectable from a distance.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Emmanouil Pappas was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Emmanouil Pappas</p><br>
<p>Strymonas</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 337.922 km, the municipal unit 217.539 km.</p><br>
<p>Nea Zichni  is a municipality in the Serres regional unit, of Central Macedonia region, Greece. Population 12,397 . Nea Zichni is also the name of the administrative seat of the municipality, population 2,530 .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The city was originally built next to the marches of Lake Achinos, on the hill of "Toumba" (2 km south of Nea Zichni) Dimitrios C. Samsaris, Historical Geography of Eastern Macedonia during the Antiquity (in Greek), Thessaloniki 1976 (Society for Macedonian Studies), p. 134-135. & D. C. Samsaris, La vallée du Bas-Strymon á l’ époque impériale (Contribution épigraphique á la topographie, l’ onomastique, l’ histoire et aux cultes de la province romaine de Macédoine), Δωδώνη 18(1989),fasc. 1, σ. 282-283, n. 122-124 :</p><br>
<p>and it was called Ichna (Ίχνα). It was a Paionian city, that was sometime in the 5th or early 4th century BC incorporated into the Macedonian Kingdom. Another city by the same name Ichna is mentioned by Thucydides being next to Pella, by the estuary of the Loudias and Axios rivers. The name Ichna is a Paionian cognate of the Greek word "ichnos" (ίχνος) which means "stepping ground" a name appropriate for a city built on the sand between the marsh and the lake (or rhw sea). The original Ichna remained a city throughout the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine eras, only to be destroyed and was rebuilt far from the lake in its original position on the hills. During the Ottoman years it was a kaza centre in the Sanjak of Serres in the Salonica Eyalet.</p><br>
<h2>Municipality</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Nea Zichni was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Alistrati</p><br>
<p>Nea Zichni</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 404.307 km, the municipal unit 274.429 km.</p><br>
<p>Proti  is a village and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Amphipoli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 79.241 km. The population of the municipal unit was 2,044 at the 2011 census.</p><br>
<p>Near Proti has been found an archaeological site that is probably identified with the roman station of Egnatia Domeros. From here comes also various ancient inscriptions, among which a latin inscription that mentions the inhabitants of two ancient settlements (i.e. "Montani" and "Suritani").</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Constantine Karamanlis (1907–1998) conservative politician, four-time Prime Minister and twice President of Greece</p><br>
<p>Rodolivos  is a town and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Amfipoli, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 106.034 km. It is about 30 km from Drama. Its population was 2,611 in 2001. The village is at the foot of Mount Pangaio.</p><br>
<p>Just next to Rodolivos, namely on the hill of "St. Athanasius" and also in the neighboring place "Kouria", are attested traces of two ancient settlements of Edonida (Greek: Ηδωνίδα), which were located on the via Egnatia.In these sites were found some inscriptions of imperial times (2nd-3rd AD).</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Rodolivos is subdivided into the following communities (population in 2011 in square brackets):</p><br>
<p>Rodolivos</p><br>
<p>Domiros</p><br>
<p>Mikro Souli</p><br>
<p>Sidirokastro  is a town and a former municipality in the Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Sintiki, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It is built near the fertile valley of the river Strymonas, on the bank of the Krousovitis River. Sidirokastro is situated on the European route E79 and the main road from northern Greece  to Bulgaria. It has interesting sights, such as the medieval stone castle, Byzantine ruins, natural spas and beautiful nature.</p><br>
<h2>General information</h2><br>
<p>Sidirokastro is located 25 km to the northwest of the town of Serres, between the Vrontous and Angistro mountains (to the north) and the river Strymonas (to the west). The 2011 census recorded 9,294 residents in the municipal unit of Sidirokastro, while there were 5,693 residents recorded in the community of Sidirokastro and 5,177 in the settlement. The town is crossed by the Krousovitis River, one of the Strymonas tributaries, which divides the town into two sections. These sections are connected by two bridges: Stavrou and Kalkani. The landscape is made even prettier thanks to the Maimouda rivulet and its miniature bridges. Sidirokastros population is a blend of indigenous people and descendants of the early 20th century waves of refugees from Asia Minor (people who sought asylum in Greece from the wars and conflicts of that period). Sidirokastro took in refugees from Melnik in 1913; from East Thrace (European Turkey) after the 1922 onslaught that followed the Greco-Turkish Wars in Asia Minor; from Pontus, Vlachs and people from all over Greece. The Kerkini, Angistro and Orvilos mountain ranges form natural boundaries of the greater area and of Greece with neighbouring Balkan countries. The area around Sidirokastro is rich in minerals (marble, lignite, manganese, copper, pyromorphite, iron, chromite, dolomite, uranium) and geothermal springs.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Sidirokastros history reaches a long way back in time. There are Palaeolithic ruins here, and references to the area are found in Homer and Herodotus. Its ancient inhabitants migrated to Sidirokastro from the island of Limnos. The areas first inhabitants were of the Sintian tribe, after which Sintiki Province is named. Sintiki was one of the provinces of the former Serres Prefecture, and Sidirokastro was its capital.</p><br>
<p>On September 20, 1383, Sidirokastro was overtaken by Ottoman forces and remained under their rule for 529 years. Its name was changed to "Demir Hisar" (Also called "Timurhisar"). Demirhisar was a kaza centre in the Sanjak of Serres before the Balkan Wars. In 1912, Sidirokastro was captured by the Bulgarians under general Georgi Todorov, but some months later it came under Greek control when the Balkan Wars ended. In 1915, during World War I, it came under the control of the Central Powers (Especially Bulgarians), but it remained part of the Greek state when the war ended (1918). In April 1941, after the surrender of the Roupel fortress and the German army&#39;s invasion of Greece, the Bulgarian army occupied Sidirokastro, as part of the triple Axis Occupation of Greece. The Bulgarians left in 1944 with the rest of the retreating Axis powers.</p><br>
<h2>Sights</h2><br>
<p>There are quite interesting sights to be found in Sidirokastro, such as the ruins of the Byzantine castle, the Agios Dimitrios church that is carved in rock, and the quaint bridges over the Krousovitis River.</p><br>
<p>The Issari Fort, built by Emperor Basil II. Standing 155 metres tall, it towers over the town&#39;s northwest side. The town owes its name to this fort: "Sidirokastro" means "iron castle" in Greek, as does "Demir Hisar" in Turkish.</p><br>
<p>The wetland habitat of the artificial Lake Kerkini, created by a dam on the Strymon River. This singular habitat, protected by the RAMSAR Convention on Wetlands, is Greece&#39;s natural frontier with Bulgaria. It is one of the richest fowl habitats in Greece: home to more than 300 species.</p><br>
<p>The Sidirokastro Hot Springs have a temperature of 45°. They are just outside the town to the north, near the Strymon River railway-bridge, on a hill that offers panoramic views of the area. Thousands of people go to these hot springs every year, both for recreation or therapy, especially since the recent renovation of the area&#39;s tourist facilities. There are more hot springs in Thermes and in Angistro.</p><br>
<p>Roupel Fort, which was a stronghold against the German-Bulgarian army in World War II.</p><br>
<p>The botanic forest-park and the aquarium at Vyronia.</p><br>
<p>The ski resort in Lailia, one of north Greece&#39;s finest, is open all year and can accommodate a large number of visitors. It is great for winter sports and a place of natural beauty.</p><br>
<p>The towns greatest annual festival is on 27 June, celebrating the areas liberation from Ottoman rule in 1913.</p><br>
<p>Mihalis Tsartsidis Folklore and History Museum</p><br>
<h2>Notable natives</h2><br>
<p>Georgios Sotiriadis, archaeologist</p><br>
<p>Sir Johns Run is an 8.9 mi tributary stream of the Potomac River in Morgan County, West Virginia. For most of its course, Sir Johns Run is a shallow non-navigable stream. It rises on the eastern flanks of Cacapon Mountain and from its source, flows north with Cacapon Mountain to its west and Warm Spring Ridge to its east. During its flow northward through the valley, Sir Johns Run is joined by a number of smaller spring-fed streams. Sir Johns Run empties into the Potomac River at the small community of the same name, Sir Johns Run. The stream takes its name from Sir John St. Clair, a deputy quartermaster present during General Edward Braddock&#39;s expedition through the area during the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>Steamboat inventor James Rumsey operated a mill on Sir Johns Run in the late 18th century. Rumsey and his brother-in-law, Joseph Barnes, tested a steamboat at the mouth of the stream.</p><br>
<p>Agkistro or alternatively Agistro , is a village in the Serres regional unit, Greece. The village is part of the municipality of Sintiki and hosts a population of 373, according to the 2011 census. Agistro lies near the Greek-Bulgarian border and 10 km from the border crossing of Promachonas. The village main tourist attraction is its steam bath complex, which dates from the Byzantine period.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The gold and silver mines found in the mountain of Agkistro, south of the modern village, are believed to have provided valuable material to the armies of Ancient Macedon and especially to the campaign of Alexander the Great, during the 4th century BC, The latter was later converted into a 20 m high clock tower, possibly during the reign of Emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos (1328–1341).</p><br>
<p>During Ottoman times the village was known as Tsigkeli (Çengel), while the baths were modified for use by the local Ottoman lord and his harem. Additionally the clock tower was used as a jail and place of executions. In a survey of 1877 by the French professor A. Synvet, the village was home to 200 Greeks; while in a survey of 1905, by the Secretary General of the Bulgarian Exarchate, who expressed the Bulgarian point of view,</p><br>
<p>the village was inhabited by 1,536 Bulgarians and had a Bulgarian school, which is also confirmed by a map by the Italian Institute Geografico de Agostini of the Christian schools in Macedonia. When the Balkan Wars ended in 1913, the Greek-Bulgarian border was drawn a few metres north of the village. In the years that followed, due to tensions in Greek-Bulgarian relations, the village was to be found within a military zone.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the local population was 965. In 1923 a number of refugees arrived from the Pontus region, as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, resulting in a population increase (1,240 in 1928).</p><br>
<p>Agkistro formed a separate community, but during the local government reforms of 2011 it was incorporated within the Sintiki municipality, of which it is a municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>Tourist Attractions</h2><br>
<p>Despite its distance from main cities (or because of its location on the borderline), around 100,000 tourists visit Agkistro on an annual basis. Despite the general financial crisis in Greece, there is no local unemployment, with over thirty businesses catering to the tourist industry. The main attraction is the Byzantine spa complex which has been recently renovated. The complex has seven bath tubs, of which the oldest one dates to 950 A.D. It is open all year round, 7 days a week, 24 hours a day. The accessibility is one of the main positive factors, as people can enjoy an entire weekend on the premises. The temperature of the water is between 35 and 39° C and its quality is hypotonic, slightly radioactive, suitable for curing rheumatism and arthritis.</p><br>
<p>In Fort Roupel, which is today a war museum, memorial celebrations are held each year on the 6th of April.</p><br>
<p>Ano Vrontou  is a remote mountain village and a former community in the northern Serres regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Serres, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 47.306 km. In 2011 its population was 199. Ano Vrontou is situated in the northeastern part of the Vrontous mountains, at about 1060 m elevation. It borders on the Drama regional unit to the north and east. Ano Vrontou is 6 km northwest of Kato Vrontou, 12 km east of Achladochori, 13 km northeast of Oreini, 16 km southwest of Kato Nevrokopi and 26 km northeast of Serres.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The finding of a Greek inscription of Roman (Imperial) times supports the conclusion that in the place of the present village there was an ancient settlement, whose residents were engaged in the exploitation of the iron mines of the mountain Vrontous.</p><br>
<p>Brodi (now Vrontou) was first mentioned in the 14th century in a letter from the Serbian tsar Stefan Dušan to Rayko, the ruler of Brodi and Trilisa (now Vathytopos). The Ottomans conquered the area and ruled until the Balkan Wars. Prior to the Second Balkan Wars, it had a Bulgarian majority and a Turkish minority.</p><br>
<p>It had around 2,700 Bulgarian inhabitants in 1873. By 1900, its population rose to 6,100 Bulgarian Christians. In 1905 according to the secretary of the exarch Dimitar Mishev the settlement had around 6,480 Bulgarian exarchists and 240 Bulgarian patriarchists, making it one of the largest places in the area.</p><br>
<p>The village had a large activity by VMORO in an Ottoman province. In 1903, the large settlement was visited by Gotse Delchev from the Vanisha. In 1913, it had 1,100 houses and 8,000 inhabitants. In the Balkan Wars, the area was conquered and occupied by Greece and its residents fled northward to Bulgaria, 200 of them to Nevrokop (now Gotse Delchev) and 300 fled to Plovdiv. They were replaced by Greeks that fled from Asia Minor and Eastern Thrace during the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922).</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Dimo Hadjidimov, Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) revolutionary leader</p><br>
<p>Tasos Stambouloglou (b. 1938), Greek poet and literary critic</p><br>
<p>Georgi Sivkov (1909–1964) Leader of the Bulgarian Fatherland Front Otechstven Front</p><br>
<h2>Literature</h2><br>
<p>Vidoeski, Bozhidar Gorno Vrodi, Drama, Skopje, 1992 XVII 2, p 5-89</p><br>
<p>Thrupe Lane Swallet is a 0.5 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Somerset, notified in 1992. It is also a Geological Conservation Review site.</p><br>
<p>The name Thrupe Lane comes from the nearby hamlet of Thrupe, which in Anglo-Saxon meant dairy farm.</p><br>
<p>The swallet is a small, single pothole cave system that is dominated by a series of deep (117 m) and mainly vertical passages, which follow fault lines, natural joints in the rock and mineral veins. It shows a form of cave development not seen elsewhere in the Mendips and contains the tallest vertical shaft in any known cave on the Mendip Hills, Atlas Pot, which is 60 m deep. The stream that flows through the cave is one of those that feeds St Andrews Wells in the grounds of the Bishops Palace in Wells.</p><br>
<p>Thrupe Lane Swallet was first entered in 1974 following digging by three caving groups. The entry shaft has been blasted open to ensure a stable entrance.</p><br>
<p>Lowell Cemetery is a cemetery located in Lowell, Massachusetts. Founded in 1841 and located on the banks of the Concord River, the cemetery is one of the oldest garden cemeteries in the nation, inspired by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Many of Lowell&#39;s wealthy industrialists are buried here, under ornate Victorian tombstones. A 73 acre portion of the 84 acre cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is located in the central eastern part of the city, roughly bounded on the north by Fort Hill Park, on the east by Shedd Park, on the south by railroad tracks, and on the west by the Concord River, from which it is separated by Lawrence Street, where its historic main gate is located. It occupies 84 acres of rolling terrain, much of which has been developed. The main gate is a moumental granite structure designed by C. W. Painter and built in 1862. There is a secondary gate on Knapp Avenue at the cemeterys northeast corner, which was added in 1905. There are two buildings in the cemetery: the Talbot Memorial Chapel (1885) and the Superintendents Office (1887), both Gothic Revival structures designed by Boston architect Frederick Stickney.</p><br>
<p>Roadways in the cemetery were laid out to take advantage of the natural terrain, occasionally providing vistas. The main circulation route, Washington Avenue, roughly encircles the property, with several roads providing access across the central areas. The cemetery was laid out in 1841 to a design by George P. Worcester, a civil engineer, applying principles of the rural cemetery movement that was then just coming into vogue. The cemetery has a wide variety of funerary art in diverse styles, from typical Victorian forms to the Egyptian Revival and Art Deco. Many prominent Lowell residents of the 19th and 20th centuries are interred here.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Henry Livermore Abbott - Brevet Brigadier General in the Union Army during the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Charles Herbert Allen - Congressman; First US civilian governor of Puerto Rico</p><br>
<p>Frederick Ayer - Industrialist; co-founder of the American Woolen Company</p><br>
<p>James Cook Ayer - patent medicine tycoon</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Dean - Congressman</p><br>
<p>James B. Francis - chief engineer of Proprietors of Locks and Canals</p><br>
<p>Frederic T. Greenhalge - Congressman and Governor of Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Chauncey Langdon Knapp - Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Locke - Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Jacob Rogers - Congressman</p><br>
<p>Edith Nourse Rogers - Congressman</p><br>
<p>Augustin Thompson - inventor of Moxie</p><br>
<p>Paul Tsongas - United States Senator</p><br>
<p>Tappan Wentworth - Congressman</p><br>
<p>Robert Leighton - Owner of Norcross and Leighton</p><br>
<p>Seoul Grand Park is a park complex to the south of Seoul, South Korea, in the city of Gwacheon .</p><br>
<p>Facilities at Seoul Grand Park include hills and hiking trails, Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Children&#39;s Zoo, a rose garden, Seoulland amusement park, and the Seoul Museum of Modern Art.</p><br>
<p>The attractions all have separate admission fees. Line 4 of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway stops at Seoul Grand Park Station. A free shuttle bus from the station visits the art museum and upper park entrance.</p><br>
<p>This zoological garden has lions, rhinoceros, Siberian tiger, llama and even macaw and parrot</p><br>
<h2>Seoul Grand Park Zoo</h2><br>
<p>Seoul Grand Park Zoo, first zoo in the Korean peninsula, was created in 1909 by the Japanese in the former royal palace of Changgyeongung, which was under the changed name of Changgyeongweon. The zoo opened on Nov. 1, 1909 with Siberian tigers, kangaroos, ostriches, camels, orangutans, and other animals.</p><br>
<p>Towards the end of World War II the Japanese needed both manpower and steel for weapons, and gave orders to kill the animals in the zoo, poisoning 150 animals. Animals that survived this had to also survive the end of the war, when all the remaining zookeepers fled the zoo. The zoo was maintained by the South Korean government at Changgyeongweon until 1984 when it was relocated to its current site in Makgyedong, Gwacheon.</p><br>
<p>KV64 is the tomb of an  unknown 18th Dynasty burial re-used in the 22nd Dynasty for an intrusive burial of the lady Nehmes Bastet, a singer at the temple of Karnak, in the Valley of the Kings, near Luxor, Egypt. It is located on the pathway to Tomb KV34  in the main Valley of the Kings. KV64 was found by Dr Elina Paulin-Grothe of the University of Basel.</p><br>
<h2>18th Dynasty</h2><br>
<p>The tomb was originally carved and used in the 18th Dynasty. The rubble covering the floor of the tomb contained materials dating back to the looted 18th dynasty burial including a female mummy, two heads of canopic jars, and some glassware. The finds also included a partial wooden label naming a Princess Satiah. It is not known if the label belong to the original owner of the tomb.</p><br>
<h2>22nd Dynasty</h2><br>
<p>Upon entering the tomb in 2011, the excavators discovered a wooden coffin and a stela placed near the wall and facing the head of the mummy. The mummy belongs to a Chantress of Amun Nehemesbastet, and she is the daughter of the Opener of the Doors of Heaven in Karnak, named Nakhtefmut. The wooden stela shows Nehemesbastet before a composite deity with attributes of both a sun-god and the god Osiris.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses of KV 64 name</h2><br>
<p>"KV64" (with quotation marks) had previously been tentatively employed in reference to an anomaly detected by the use of ground-penetrating radar by the Amarna Royal Tombs Project (ARTP), led by Nicholas Reeves, in the autumn of 2000. No actual tomb was uncovered.</p><br>
<p>Cerro de la Muerte is the highest point in the Costa Rican section of the Inter-American Highway. Its name means "Mountain of Death" or "Summit of Death," since in the past crossing the mountains from the Valle Central meant a three- or four-day journey, on foot or on horseback, and many ill-prepared travelers succumbed to the cold and rain. However, the peak is now easily accessible since the highway runs close by.</p><br>
<p>A drivable track from the highway (Kilometer 89) leads to a peak, with its cluster of telecommunications aerials. A short hike is also available from the highway to another peak marked with a barrel. A sign marks the high point of the highway (Costa Rica 2) at 3,335 meters (10,942 feet), from where the vehicle track and hiking trail begin. At this altitude, overnight temperatures can dip below freezing, but the sun soon raises the temperatures in the morning, with a high risk of sunburn in the thin clear air. Record temperatures reach below -6°C.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is in Talamanca range, which extends from eastern Costa Rica into neighbouring western Panama. This range was a volcanic island in the geological past, it raised result of tectonic uplift and its separation from other mountain ranges means that it has developed many endemic species of animals and plants, often with affinities to Andean forms.</p><br>
<p>The higher areas are páramo habitat, with stunted shrubs, dwarf bamboo, and tree ferns, and smaller plants like blueberry, gooseberry and lady&#39;s slipper. Below this zone, the natural vegetation is oak forest with bamboo understory, an excellent place to see the charismatic resplendent quetzal.</p><br>
<p>Nearly 50% of the bird species recorded from Cerro de la Muerte are endemic to the Talamanca range. These include fiery-throated hummingbird, timberline wren, sooty robin, black-billed nightingale-thrush, peg-billed finch and volcano junco.</p><br>
<h2>Crossing Cerro de la Muerte</h2><br>
<p>Because crossing Cerro de la Muerte took up to five days on foot, at the beginning of the twentieth century, three resting stations were created by Congressional Decree Number 45, signed on August 5, 1908.</p><br>
<p>Between 1910 and 1912, the three resting stops, known as houses, were built; "División", "La Muerte" and "Ojo de Agua", at a cost of ₡1,749.47. They were built at intervals of about 10 to 12 hours of hiking from each other. There was a rule of leaving firewood ready for the next guest.</p><br>
<p>In 1990, the Ministry of Culture recognized the importance of the resting stop houses, and in November 20, 2016 the "Casa Refugio Ojo de Agua" was restored and is now a small museum.</p><br>
<p>Gardiki is a village and a community in the Trikala regional unit of Greece&#39;s Thessaly region. It is part of the municipal unit of Aithikes. The 2011 census recorded 58 residents in the village and 143 in the community.</p><br>
<h2>Administrative division</h2><br>
<p>The community of Gardiki comprises two settlements:</p><br>
<p>Gardiki (population 58, 2011 census)</p><br>
<p>Palaiochori (population 85, 2011 census)</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village occupies the site of the ancient town of Pellinaeum or Pelinna. The ancient town survived until the early Byzantine period, but disappears thereafter only to reappear under the Slavic name of Gardiki in the 11th century. The Byzantine settlement was built on the ruins of the ancient citadel, with the foundations of the ancient wall providing the base of the later medieval fortifications. A ruined three-aisled basilica dedicated to St. Paraskevi from the 14th century also survives.</p><br>
<p>In the late medieval and Ottoman periods, the area was settled by Vlachs, who remain the main group of the modern village.</p><br>
<h2>Episcopal see</h2><br>
<p>The town is attested as an episcopal see of the Greek Church since the 11th century as a suffragan see of the Metropolis of Larissa. It was often combined with the nearby see of Peristera (modern Taxiarches).</p><br>
<p>Manuscript lists give the names of later Greek Orthodox bishops: Metrophanes, degraded in 1623; Gregorius or Cyrillus, 1623; Sophronius, 1646-1649; Gregorius, about 1700; Meletius, 1743; Paisius, 18th century; Gregorius, about 1852. When Thessaly was united with Greece (1881), the Greek Orthodox eparchy had been vacant since 1875 and was suppressed in 1899 through being absorbed into the Metropolis of Phthiotis.</p><br>
<p>The TWA Corporate Headquarters Building, located at 1735 Baltimore Avenue in the Crossroads neighborhood of downtown Kansas City, was Trans World Airlines headquarters until 1964, when the airline moved to New York City.</p><br>
<p>The selection of Kansas City as the headquarters for TWA (Transcontinental Air Transport after it merged with Western Air Express, initially T&WA) was said to have been made by Charles Lindbergh. The building was designed by architects Raymond E. Bales, Jr. and Morris Schechter and built by the Long Construction Company of Kansas City; site work began in May 1955, and construction was completed on October 31, 1956. The buildings exterior was decorated in TWAs signature red and white corporate colors. The three-story L-shaped commercial facility was dominated by aluminum panels and corrugated concrete paneling. It was constructed using the Youtz-Slick construction method, in which steel support beams were first erected and then concrete slabs were poured at ground level and lifted into place by hydraulic jacks; the slabs were then bolted and welded onto the beams, which allowed for a reduction in construction costs and construction time.</p><br>
<p>By 1964 TWA had become a major international figure in aviation, which prompted a move of the airlines executive offices to New York City. The 1735 Baltimore building remained the headquarters for TWAs accounting department, ticket office, credit department, and cargo department until 1969; the airline continued to use the building for training its flight attendants until opening the Breech Academy in nearby suburban Overland Park, KS in 1969.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the TWA building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It had been vacant for several years, though plans as late as 2003 called for it to be converted to residential condominiums under the name of TWA Lofts LLC. Instead, in early 2005, the Kansas City-based urban development firm The Nicholson Group hired local architectural firm to design and coordinate the restoration. Following the renovation, it was then leased to the Kansas City-based advertising agency Barkley Inc. the agency moved into the renovated building on November 14, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>TWA Moonliner II</h2><br>
<p>During TWAs heyday, its headquarters building was easily identified by the 22 ft TWA Moonliner II rocket that stood on the roofs southwest corner. It was modeled after the original 76 ft, one-third scale TWA Moonliner at Disneylands Tomorrowland attraction; TWA was the Moonliners corporate sponsor until 1962. The Moonliner II was then removed from the buildings roof by TWAs new owners, shortly after Howard Hughes sold his controlling interest in the airline. The iconic rocket was then sold to SpaceCraft, a Kansas City, MO travel-trailer company.</p><br>
<p>When SpaceCraft moved to Concordia, MO in 1970, the by then all-white Moonliner II moved with them. There it slowly fell into disrepair for the next 25 years, as it stood on a campground located nearby their travel-trailer manufacturing plant, just south of Interstate 70 between Kansas City and St. Louis. The deteriorated Moonliner replica was then sold to and carefully restored by a longtime Disney collector, until once again sporting its original red and white TWA markings. The restored Moonliner II is now on display at Kansas City&#39;s National Airline History Museum located at the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport; at this location, the restored rocket stands about five miles (8 km) from its original TWA roof-top location.</p><br>
<p>The historic restoration of the TWA headquarters building led to the fabrication of a brand new Moonliner II replica begun in March 2006 by the Kansas City office of the Bratton Corporation. The completed replica was installed on September 29 of that year at the same southwest corner roof location as the original.</p><br>
<p>Lihir Island  is the largest island in the Lihir group of islands, 22 km long and 14.5 km wide, in Papua New Guinea&#39;s New Ireland Province. It consists of a complex of several overlapping basaltic stratovolcanoes rising 700 m above sea level. While the volcanoes are not currently active, geothermal activity is still present. The island is in what was the forearc basin associated with the subduction of the Pacific Plate beneath the North Bismarck Plate. Subduction stopped about 10 million years ago with the collision of the Ontong Java plateau with the subduction zone.</p><br>
<p>The island is located 900 km NE of Port Moresby. Annual rainfall averages 4,800 mm; temperature ranges between 19 and 35 degrees Celsius. The population of the Lihir Group increased from 12,570 in 2000 to an estimated 18,000 in 2007. Residents are of Melanesian descent and have predominantly a subsistence lifestyle.</p><br>
<p>Lihirians follow traditional belief systems, although official census records indicate that 99% of the PNG population are Christians, with Catholicism being the largest denomination. Most villages are located on the coastal fringe, although it is thought that originally some villages were located inland but were moved to the coast at the encouragement of missionaries.</p><br>
<p>The economic focal point of the island is the Ladolam Gold Mine. Ladolam represents one of the largest epithermal gold deposits in the world and it is hosted by high-potassic igneous rocks. The mine is operated by Newcrest Mining Limited. The mine holds one of the world&#39;s largest gold resources (46 million ounces). Grab samples from the submarine Conical Seamount, located about 8 km south of Lihir Island, contain high gold concentrations of up to 230 g/t Au (avg. 26 g/t, n=40) that are hosted by high-potassic trachybasalts.</p><br>
<p>The mine is located on a geothermically active area and to enable the mine to proceed, steam relief wells have been drilled to release subterranean pressure. The steam has, in part, been captured and is used to operate a 50 MW geothermal power station which generates approximately 25% of the mine&#39;s power requirements. Mine tailings are discharged into the sea.</p><br>
<p>The largest settlement on the Island is Londolovit, where most of the expatriate mine employees live. Basic shopping and health care facilities are located there. The local hospital has inpatient and outpatient facilities and provides health care services to both the expatriate and local communities.</p><br>
<p>An airstrip large enough to land a small jet is also located north of Londolovit, at Kunaye.</p><br>
<p>As is the case in many tropical regions, mosquito-borne viruses are present on the island, as is malaria.</p><br>
<p>Land ownership follows traditional models with land being owned by clans. Insofar as it relates to land ownership, the society is matrilineal with land being passed though the female generations. The land cannot be sold; however, usage rights can be granted.</p><br>
<p>Torfinnstindene is a mountain with three summits in Norway, the highest at 2120 m above sea level. It is located within the municipality of Vang,  in the southernmost part of the Jotunheimen mountain area. It is situated on the northern shore of lake Bygdin on the western side of the Svartdalen Valley and is the southernmost and most prominent summit on a rather long ridge containing twelve more 2000 m peaks. The summit can be observed from most of the mountain areas south of Jotunheimen.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern summit was reached for the first time in 1876 by Emmanuel Mohn, William Cecil Slingsby and Knut Lykken. The two first being mountaineers from Christiania and Great Britain, and the third the local expert. In 1894 the middle summit was climbed by, Andreas Saxegaard, Therese Bertheau, Antonette Kamstrup and Tostein Røine, the last one being the local expert. The western summit, which is the easiest to climb, was visited for the first time in 1912 by Rolv Ødegaard</p><br>
<p>The summits are the southernmost 2000 m peaks in Norway, but one, and is made of the extremely hard gabbro rock. The gabbro in Torfinnstindene is partly of the normal "gray-with-black-specs" variety, but parts of the eastern summit are of a red variety. The view from the summits, particularly the Eastern, is one of the best in southern Norway. On a clear day, you can see almost as far as Oslo.</p><br>
<p>The Eastern and Western summits can be reached after a rather strenuous hike, but the Middle summit can only be climbed - normally as part of a traverse of all the summits. The following is a brief description of the trip. The first part of the hike follows the grass- and flower-covered slope on the southeast flank of the Eastern summit. A number of ravines, dug out by meltwater from the Ice Age on, leads towards the summit. Only one of them leads all the way to the eastern shoulder of the summit. This is a steep climb, but with good weather conditions no equipment is needed.</p><br>
<p>The climb of the eastern summit has gained popularity in the last years of increased peak bagging in Norway, and guided tours are arranged. The traverse is also popular, but the number who completes it is much lower than the number of visitors on the eastern summit. The western, easist and lowest summit is visited rather rarely except by those traversing.</p><br>
<p></revision></p><br>
<p>Lough Derravaragh  is a lough in County Westmeath, Ireland, north of Mullingar between Castlepollard, Crookedwood and Multyfarnham.</p><br>
<p>Lough Derravaragh sits on the River Inny which flows from Lough Sheelin on its way to the River Shannon. Shaped somewhat like Italy, it is a popular lake for angling and other watersports. The main public area is at Donore near Multyfarnham, where there is a caravan park and shop restaurant open in summer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>There are ringforts to the east of Lough Derravaragh, within the hills of Ranaghan.</p><br>
<p>Turgesius the Viking, renowned for taking Dublin, also possessed strongholds nearby, southwest of Lough Lene.</p><br>
<p>Knockeyon, the hill of Saint Eyon, is located on the south-eastern shore of the lough, rising steeply to 215 metres. Halfway up the hill are the ruins of the ancient Saint Cauragh chapel, built and dedicated to Saint Eyon. The chapel was cut out of the natural rock, and is believed to have never possessed a roof. The ruins of Saint Cauragh&#39;s Well are adjacent to the chapel.</p><br>
<p>On the Kiltoom side of the lough mounds of stone can be found, these were part of artificial islands and gave protection to the people who lived in crannógs on these islands. In the 1970s a dug-out canoe from the Stone Age was recovered from the lake by employees of the Tullynally estate.</p><br>
<h2>Legends</h2><br>
<h3>Children of Lír</h3><br>
<p>Lough Derravaragh is best known for its connection with the Irish legend of the Children of Lír. The legend relates how the four children of King Lír were turned into swans and spent 300 years on Lough Derravaragh before moving to the Straits of Moyle (between Ireland and Scotland) for 300 years, and then spent 300 more years on the Atlantic Ocean by Erris and Inishglora.</p><br>
<h3>Saint Cauragh</h3><br>
<p>Legend tells that Saint Cauragh was expelled by Saint Columcille from the Kells monastery, for breach of discipline. Consequently, he wandered throughout the countryside until he eventually arrived at Knockeyon.</p><br>
<p>At this location, far away from the eyes of the world, Cauragh desired to pass the remainder of his life praying to God and fasting. He became seriously ill at a later stage, and was dying when he prayed to God for water to quench his thirst. Having prayed for some time, he became aware of the sound of water trickling out of the rock above his head. He put out his hand and drank freely of this miraculous water. He was cured as a result, and then he built the chapel.</p><br>
<p>During the Middle Ages, thousands of people visited this well on the first Sunday of harvest, undertaking the pilgrimage up the hill barefoot on what became known as Cauragh Sunday. When the pilgrimage concluded, everyone present adjourned to a green area at the foot of the hill where musicians played and everyone spent the remainder of the day picnicking, drinking and dancing.</p><br>
<h2>Lough Derravaragh Natural Heritage Area</h2><br>
<p>Lough Derravaragh is north of Mullingar and is surrounded by the communities of Clonva, Derrya, Kiltoom, Donore, Ballynakill, Streamstown, and Knockbody in the north of County Westmeath. Most of this area comprises the lake, but also it includes a variety of wetland, grassland, and woodland habitats. The site includes a small area of raised bog. The site is bound in the northwest by the River Inny.</p><br>
<p>The Inny, which is a major tributary of the River Shannon, flows into and from Lough Derravaragh on its northwest shore. On this side, the lake is wide and shallow and raised bog and cutover bog are found within the immediate surrounding area (cutover bog is bog where some peat has been harvested, leaving remaining peat behind). Lough Derravaragh is shallow and its water is "hard", meaning it is alkaline. There is only a small area of raised bog on the side, but formerly it comprised a very large bog complex which extended towards the northwest of the lake. Most of this area has now been cutover and large areas have been reclaimed for agriculture. The remaining area of bog has hummock/hollow complexes but no water pools. Conifers have been planted upon the high bog and a section of cutover. Cutover is found dispersed around the high bog areas and there is also a separate small area of old cutover south of this raised bog.</p><br>
<p>Much of the high bog possesses vegetation typical of an Irish Midland raised bog, with such species as ling heather (Calluna vulgaris) and hare&#39;s tail cottongrass (Eriophorum vaginatum). The hummock-forming bog moss, Sphagnum papillosum has been recorded situated around one third of the high bog as has the more scarce Sphagnum imbricatum. Overall, sphagnum covers around one-third of the high bog area. The centre of the bog is wet with stagnant water in places. The aquatic bog moss Sphagnum cuspidatum has been recorded in the hollows of the bog. There are dried-out channels of the bog which are colonised by algae, deergrass, Scirpus cespitosus and lichens. On the cutover on the southeast shore of the lake there are areas of downy birchy (Betula pubescens) woodland, with patches of gorse (Ulex europaeus).</p><br>
<p>A notable feature of Lough Derravaragh, as found at Lough Lene, are the range of stoneworts that occur within the lake. Eight species have been recorded here, several of which have a restricted range in Ireland. Fringing the lake&#39;s shores, a range of habitats has been created as a result of drainage of the River Inny. At the western side are extensive reed beds and swamps of downy birch and willows. Nearby, there is also freshwater marches vegetation dominated by sedges (Carex spp.) and often tussock-forming grasses such as tufted hair-grass (Deschampsia cespitosa) and fescues (Festuca spp.), with a flowering herbs including Bidens cernua, and trifid bur-marigold.</p><br>
<p>The lake shore is a mineral-rich substrate and several plant species of poor fen habitats occur in abundance, such as black bog rush Schoenus nigricans and long-stalked yellow-sedge Carlex lepidocarpa.</p><br>
<p>The lake is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the EU Bird Directive (EC/79/409). Three species (Greenland white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris), whooper swan (Cygnus cygnus), and golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria)) are listed on Annex I of the directive, requiring special conservation measures concerning their habitat in order to ensure their survival and reproduction.</p><br>
<p>The rare Charophyte, Chara denundata, has been recorded in the area, while the Red List species otter (Lutra lutra) and Irish hare (Lepus timidus hibernicus) have also been observed within the lake district of North Westmeath.</p><br>
<h2>Water sports</h2><br>
<p>The lake is used for canoeing and other water activities. As in Lough Ennell, Lough Owel, and Lough Lene, the lake acts as an important amenity for anglers, as it sustains a population of brown trout.</p><br>
<p>The Tanga Islands are an island group in Papua New Guinea, located north-east of New Ireland and part of the Bismarck Archipelago.Tanga is made up of four main islands—Boeng, Maledok, Lif and Tefa—and a number of smaller, uninhabited islands. Boeng  consists entirely of a raised, relatively flattopped plateau of Pleistocene, coralline limestone, which rises up to 170 m above sea level  and has sheer cliffs around a large part of its perimeter. The islands are the remnants of a stratovolcano which collapsed to form a caldera. Lif , Tefa , and Malendok  islands are on the caldera rim, while Bitlik and Bitbok islands are lava domes constructed near the center of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Former Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea Sir Julius Chan and Sumsuma, the leader of the Rabaul Strike of 1929 and Papua New Guinea&#39;s First Unionist are from the Tanga Islands.</p><br>
<p>Secret Societies practiced on the Islands are Sokapana, Tubuan and Ingiat. Mask dances include Lor, Tedak and Kipong are performed during cultural occasions.</p><br>
<p>Padula Charterhouse, in Italian Certosa di Padula , is a large Carthusian monastery, or charterhouse, located in the town of Padula, in the Cilento National Park  in Southern Italy. It is a World Heritage site.</p><br>
<p>The monastery is the largest in Italy. Its building history covers 450 years, but the principal parts of the buildings are in Baroque style. It is a very large monastery, comprising 51,500 m² (12.7 acres), with 320 rooms and halls.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Padula Charterhouse was founded by Tommaso di San Severino on 27 April 1306 on the site of an earlier monastery. It is dedicated to Saint Lawrence, and its architectural structure supposedly recalls the griddle-iron upon which the saint was burnt alive.</p><br>
<p>The monastery has the biggest cloister in the world, covering 12,000 m² (2.97 acres) and surrounded by 84 columns. A famous spiral staircase of white marble inside an annex leads to the large library.</p><br>
<p>According to the strict Carthusian distinction between contemplation and work, there are two distinct places for these practices: on the one hand the peaceful cloisters, the library with its fine Vietri ceramic tiled floor, the chapels decorated with fine inlaid marble works. The altar frontals in most of the chapels are inlaid, not with marble, but with some of the most spectacular 18th. century scagliola work ever created. This is the highest concentration of such work in one place. One of the centres of production was in Naples. the cloister orchards; and on the other hand the large kitchen, the cellars with their enormous wine vats, the laundries, and the huge external yards, where there were people working in the stables, ovens, stores, and at the olive oil mill. The yards were used for productive activities and for trade between the charterhouse and the external world.</p><br>
<p>The monastery also houses the archaeological museum of Western Lucania, which preserves a collection of all the finds unearthed in the excavations at the necropolis of Sala Consilina and Padula. This museum represents a period of time ranging from protohistory to the Hellenistic Age.</p><br>
<p>Fort Harker, located near Stevenson, Alabama, was a military fortification built by the Union Army during the American Civil War. Constructed in the summer of 1862 by soldiers and freed slaves of the Army of the Cumberland, the fort helped secure strategic railroad lines to ensure the free movement of Union troops and supplies in southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. Union General William Rosecrans established his headquarters at Fort Harker in July, 1863, from where he directed a successful campaign against the position of Confederate General Braxton Bragg in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The fort would be abandoned after the war and fall into disrepair. After restoration, the site became a city park in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Harker was built to defend a strategic position captured by Union troops in northeastern Alabama. Situated atop a hill east of the town of Stevenson, it was constructed in the summer of 1862 by soldiers and freed slaves of the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Union General William Rosecrans. Stevenson was located at the junction for the Memphis and Charleston Railroad and the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. The location of the fort placed it within firing range of the town, railroads, supply depots, and warehouses. In addition to Fort Harker, the Union Army established a hospital and a refugee camp in the town. The Union position would prevent Confederate troops from using the railroads in the defense of Chattanooga and secure critical supply lines for the Army of the Cumberland.</p><br>
<p>The design of the fort is typical of many built during the American Civil War. The fort was constructed as a square earthen redoubt, 45 m on a side. The walls were constructed of rammed earth 4.3 m high, surrounded by a 2.5 m deep dry moat. The fort was armed with seven barbettes for heavy cannon, and a bomb-proof powder magazine. Access to the fort was by draw bridge across the moat. An eight-sided wooden blockhouse was situated at the center of the redoubt.</p><br>
<p>General Rosecrans established his headquarters at Fort Harker in July, 1863, from where he directed a successful campaign against the position of Confederate General Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee in Chattanooga, Tennessee. After the decisive defeat of the Confederate Army, Rosecrans failed to vigorously pursue his enemy. Bragg and his troops retreated in an orderly fashion southeast into Georgia, where Rosecrans and Bragg would meet again in the Battle of Chickamauga. The Union army at Chickamauga was soundly defeated and all but routed, forcing Rosecrans and his men to retreat back to Chattanooga. Besieged by Confederate troops, Rosecrans was relieved of his command by General Ulysses S. Grant, who placed General George H. Thomas in command. The Battle of Chattanooga began on November 24, 1863, and the Union victory would secure southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama, including Fort Harker, for the duration of the war.</p><br>
<p>Fort Harker was abandoned at the end of the American Civil War. It fell into disrepair, and was used by local residents for agricultural purposes, including gardens and hog farming. Excavation of the site for historical preservation began in 1976. Restoration of the site for public access began in 1985. Repairs to the fort addressed damage cause by mountain bike riders and the use of the fort walls for target practice by the Stevenson Police Department.</p><br>
<h2>Park</h2><br>
<p>Fort Harker is managed as a city park by the City of Stevenson, Alabama. In addition to the historic redoubt, a wildlife observation platform has been built providing scenic views of nearby Crow Creek. The fort is on the National Register of Historic Places. An historical marker has been placed at the fort by the Alabama Historical Commission.</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker outside entrance.JPGOutside the entrance</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker inside entrance.JPGInside the entrance</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker north.JPGNorth side</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker northwest.JPGNorthwest corner</p><br>
<p>Gomfoi  is a village and a former municipality in the Trikala regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Pyli, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 58.482 km. Population 4,782 . The seat of the municipality was in Lygaria. Gomfoi is located in Thessalian Plain, near the river Pamisos. It is 5 km northeast of Mouzaki, and 12 km southwest of the city of Trikala. A town existed on the site of present Gomfoi in ancient times, which was renamed Philippoupolis  during the reign of Philip II of Macedon. The area joined Greece in 1881.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Gomfoi is subdivided into the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Drosero</p><br>
<p>Gomfoi</p><br>
<p>Lygaria</p><br>
<p>Mouria</p><br>
<p>Palaiomonastiro</p><br>
<p>Pigi</p><br>
<p>After the start of Kallikratis programm,Municipality of Gomfoi was annexed by the Municipality of Pyli</p><br>
<p>In the 2014 municipal elections,two of the four vice mayors elected( Stavros Ziakas and Viron Katsivelos)come from and live in Gomfoi.They are thought to be the more active members of the local government,as Vice-Mayor of Cleaning Operations and Vice-Mayor of Culture respectively</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Most of the village&#39;s residents are either farmers or workers in the public sector. The area of Gomfoi is famous for its wine since the ancient years. The main agricultural products of the area are grapes and corn.</p><br>
<p>Kalabaka  is a town and a municipality in the Trikala regional unit, part of Thessaly in Greece. The population was 21,991 at the 2011 census, of which 8,330 in the town proper. The Metéora monasteries are located in the town. Kalabaka is the northwestern terminal of the old Thessaly Railways, now part of OSE.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1995 an ancient tomb was found in Kalabaka dating from the 20th century BC. A Greek inscription on the wall of one of the town’s oldest churches (Saint John the Baptist) testifies to the existence of an ancient Greek settlement under the name Aiginion.</p><br>
<p>The town was built on the location of the ancient city of Aiginion, founded during the Hellenistic period which, according to Strabo, belonged to the people of Tinfei. It is mentioned several times by Livy during the Macedonian War, and after the Third Macedonian War in 167 BC, it was destroyed by the Romans. During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey the city was occupied by Domitius Calvin.</p><br>
<p>In the 10th century AD, it was known as Stagoi (Στάγοι), a Byzantine fortress and bishopric. Of its medieval monuments, only the cathedral, the Church of the Dormition, survives. It was a late 11th- or early 12th-century building, built on the remains of an earlier, late antique church. Relics of an ancient Greek temple – probably of god Apollo – have been incorporated in the wall of the town’s oldest and most renowned church, dedicated to Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<p>Stagoi is first mentioned in Diatyposis written by the Byzantine Emperor Leo VI the Wise (886-812). In 1163 there was a reference to the castle of Stagoi. In 1204 Stagoi fell under the Despotate of Epirus. At the end of the 13th century they fell under the Duchy of Neopatria. In 1334, they were taken over once more by the Despot of Epirus, John II Orsini, and shortly thereafter they came once more under the control of the Byzantine Empire. In 1348, they were conquered by the Serbs of Stephen Dushan. They reached their peak under the rule of his brother, King Simeon Uroš. When the Turks conquered Thessaly, Kalabaka was placed under the administrative rule of the Pasha of Larisa and later on of the Sanjak of Trikala.</p><br>
<p>It was named "Kalabaka" six or seven centuries ago. It is of Turkish origin and means "powerful fortress". It has been Anglicized variously as Kalampaka, Kalambaka, Kalabaki, and Kalabak.</p><br>
<h3>Bishopric</h3><br>
<p>From the beginning of the 10th century, Stagoi was referred to as an episcopal see, thereby enjoying privileges and donations from the Byzantine emperors throughout the Middle Ages. It owned significant stretches of land and had dependent farmers in neighboring settlements. Besides the fields of northwest Thessaly, its territory included an extensive mountainous zone in Asia and central Pindos. The bishopric of Stagoi, a suffragan of the Metropolis of Larissa, was maintained, with some small intermissions, up to 1900 when it was merged with the bishopric of Tricca to form the Metropolis of Tricca and Stagoi with the town of Trikala as its seat. It was reestablished in 1991 and has been operating ever since as the Metropolis of "Stagoi and Meteora" with its seat in the town of Kalabaka.</p><br>
<h3>Province</h3><br>
<p>The province of Kalabaka (Επαρχία Καλαμπάκας) was one of the provinces of the Trikala Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present municipality. It was abolished in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The town is situated on the foot of the Meteora peaks.</p><br>
<h2>Government</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Kalabaka was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 8 former municipalities, that became municipal units:</p><br>
<p>Aspropotamos</p><br>
<p>Chasia</p><br>
<p>Kalabaka</p><br>
<p>Kastania</p><br>
<p>Kleino</p><br>
<p>Malakasi</p><br>
<p>Tymfaia</p><br>
<p>Vasiliki</p><br>
<p>The municipality has an area of 1,658.280 km, the municipal unit 277.087 km. The municipal unit Kalabaka (which corresponds with the municipality as it existed between 1997 and 2010) consists of the following communities (constituent settlements in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Avra (Avra, Nea Zoi)</p><br>
<p>Diava (Diava, Koromilia)</p><br>
<p>Kalabaka (Kalabaka, Agia Paraskevi, Vitoumas)</p><br>
<p>Kastraki</p><br>
<p>Krya Vrysi (Krya Vrysi, Trifyllia)</p><br>
<p>Megali Kerasea (Megali Kerasea, Mourgkani)</p><br>
<p>Orthovouni</p><br>
<p>Sarakina</p><br>
<p>Vlachava</p><br>
<h2>Twin town</h2><br>
<p>Kalampaka has two twin towns:</p><br>
<p>Schwabach, Germany</p><br>
<p>Le Haillan, France</p><br>
<h2>Recent recognition</h2><br>
<p>Kalabaka was voted as one of the most beautiful places in Greece by the Skai TV show I LOVE GR.</p><br>
